UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CANARY SEED AS AN
ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF
STARCH FOR BIOPLASTIC
PRODUCTION 
Scientific Methodology
PhD José Rosario Guadalupe Sánchez López
Martínez Mateo María Elizabeth 1737530 
Carmona Licon Sofía                       1885729    
Red Team
Morales Cruz Iván Gerardo           1635603 
Group 001
Ramírez Pacheco Claudia Lizbeth 1724752 
1
San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, June 5th, 2020
 CONTENT
INTRODUCTION PROPOSED SOLUTION: CANARY SEED
• Growing plastic demand • Production and applications of canary seed
• Biopolymers, What are bioplastics?  • Canary seed composition
• Current methods for bioplastic production • Economic impact
• Starch based bioplastics • Importance
• Bioplastic production process HYPOTHESIS
• Kinetics of reaction • Comparison with non-studied areas
• Starch sources • Specific objectives
• Pros and cons METHODOLOGY
• Environmental impact of bioplastics • Diagram
• Current starch-based bioplastic situation • Step by step methodology
• Demand SOLICITED RESOURCES
• Corn • Current expenditure
• Potatoes • Congruence with hypothesis
• Wheat GOALS AND DELIVERABLES
• Economic challenges of production • Gantt Diagram
• Project Deliverables
• Budget
REFERENCES
2
 3

NTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Biodegradable bottle. Reprinted from: 

https://paralab.es/blog/bio-plasticos-microscopia-electronica/
 Due to the growing necessities we face daily, we have developed the need for plastics in a variety of presentations to satisfy
them. [1] 

The immediate and excessive consumption of these products has resulted in an alarming accumulation of waste, that of which
has a negative impact on our environment. [1]

New alternatives have been developed to decrease the impact of plastics on the environment, one of them being bioplastics.
Bioplastics have physicochemical and thermoplastic properties similar to plastics manufactured from petroleum, but once put
under favorable conditions, they can be treated as organic waste and eliminated quickly and effectively. [2]

Laboratory scale biodegradability tests carried out under the UNE-EN ISO 14855 standard indicate that starch is biodegradable
under the specified conditions in comparison to PLA, PHB, and LDPE. [3]

[1] Cho, R. 2012. What Happens to All that Plastic? State of The Planet, Columbia University. 
[2] Cho, R. 2017. The Truth About Bioplastics. State of The Planet, Columbia University.
[3] Krzana, A., Hemjindaa, S., Miertusa, S., Cortib, A., 2006. Estandarización y certificación en el área de plásticos ambientalmente
degradables. Degradación y estabilidad del polímero
4
 What are…?
Biopolymers Bioplastics
• Biopolymers are those • Bioplastics are those made
made from renewable from organic materials and
resources, making them certified as biodegradable.
an interesting • Biodegradability is the
alternative for the metabolic ability of
plastic industry and microorganisms to transform
giving rise to organic pollutants into less
bioplastics.[4] dangerous compounds.[5]

[4] S. Guilbert, B. Cuq. “Material Formed from Proteins”. En Handbook of Biodegradable polymers (C. Bastioli eds.), Rapra
Technology Limited 2005.
[5] R. Leaversuch. Biodegradable Polyesters: Packaging Goes Green. Plastics Technology 5
http://www.cortecvci.com/Publications/pdf/BiodegradablePolyesters.pdf
 Table 1. Classification of current methods for biopolymer production.

6 Method Biopolymers

Starch, starch derivatives; cellulose, cellulose

Polymers made with organic matter derivatives; lignin

Polyhydroxyalkanoates, such as
Polymers made by microorganisms polyhydroxybutyrate and copolymers (PHB /
or plants PHA); Polylactic acid (PLA)

Polylactic acid (PLA), polypropylene

Polymers made from monomers terephthalate (PPT), polyethylene (PE) and
obtained by fermentation other ethylene derivatives

 [6] Table 1.  Current methods for biopolymer production.  Adapted from: Brice, A., 2011. Tiempo próspero para proyectos de bioplásticos. ICIS Chemical Business 279
 Starch structurally consists of two chemically
distinguishable polysaccharides (amylose and
amylopectin), it is also the main reserve

STARCH carbohydrate synthesized by plants and is an

energy source for many organisms.[7]

BASED
BIOPLASTI One of the most important properties of natural
starch is its semi-crystallinity, where
amylopectin is the dominant component for

CS  crystallization in most starches. [8]

[7] L. Averous. “Biodegradable Multiphase Systems Based on

Plasticized Starch: A Review”. Journal of Macromolecular Starch represents an important fraction in a large
Science. Part C- Polymer Reviews C44 (3), (2004).
[8] Bastioli, C., Biodegradable material for various applications. number of agricultural products such as: cereals
Biopolymers: General Aspects and Special Applications, (corn, wheat, rice) in which a starch content of
Steinbuchel, Alexa, 10, 2003
[9] Gallur, M., Presente y futuro de
30 to 80% has been reported; in tubers such as
los biopolímeros como material de envase, Itene, easy potatoes with 60 to 90%.[9]
fairs, Barcelona, pp. 1-51, 2010.

7
 STARCH BASED BIOPLASTIC
PRODUCTION PROCESS[10]
Starch extraction consists on the grounding of the source, after a thorough dry, which results
in a powder. The powder is filtered leaving only starch. 

The raw materias are diluted in water homogeneously. The solution is mixed and heated to 
later add a plasticizer (glycerol or sorbitol). Mixing is continued until a homogeneous
solution is achieved. This results in plastified starch (TPS). 

TPS can be transformed through thermomechanical treatment such as extrusion. 

After the thermomechanical treatment, the starch will acquire a different type of cristallinity.

[10] Chero, P.A. 2015. Diseño de un Proceso Industrial para Obtener Plástico Biodegradable a Partir de Almidón. PhD Thesis. Universidad Nacional 8
Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Peru. [in Spanish]
Figure 2. Amylose and amylopectin Figure 3. Reaction mechanism of Figure 4: Mechanism of starch reaction
chains.[11] amylose and amylopectin.[11] (dehydration and swelling).[11]

KINETICS OF REACTION
[11]Angeles Chero, P. (2015). DESIGN OF AN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS TO OBTAIN BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM YUCA STARCH 2.

9
 COMMON STARCH SOURCES
FOR BIOPLASTICS
Figure 5. Corn. Reprinted from: 
https://www.caracteristicas.co/maiz/  Corn  Potatoes  Wheat
Figure 6. Potatoes. Reprinted from: 
https://www.tuberculos.org/papa-patata/
Figure 7. Wheat. Reprinted from: https://www.infobae.com
10
 • Pros
• Second most abundant polymer.
• Has great mechanical properties. 
• Sealable and printable without surface treatment.
• Barrier to gases such as CO2 and O2; as well as
aromas (similar to PET and nylon).

Starch Based • Water soluble. 

• Versatile, as it can be chemically modified.
Bioplastics[12] • Cons
• Sensible to humidity. 
• High density.  
• Fragile.
• Its production process is much more expensive
than conventional plastic.

 [12] Villada, H.S. y Acosta, H.A., Biopolímeros naturales usados en empaques biodegradables, 11
Temas Agrarios, 12 (2), pp. 5-13, 2007.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Table 2. Environmental impact.[13]
STAGE OF
PRODUC TION  ​ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAC T

The demand for inputs can expand the uses of land, chemicals and water.
Raw material options can reinforce existing problems associated with corn and sugar cane. 
Raw Material  ​ Converting forests or grasslands to expand agricultural production can compensate the CO2
sequestered by plants before harvest.

manufacturing and  Bioconversion consumes water resources for fermentation, cooling and heating.
processing

Compostable bioplastics can contaminate recycled plastic streams unless they are properly separated
End of life's destiny
and managed.

Life-cycle
assessment Significant reduction in energy consumption and GHG emissions are possible.

 [13] DiGregorio, B.E., Biobased performance bioplastic: Mirel, Chem Biol., 16 (1), pp. 1-2, 2009. 12
 Production capacities for these Raw materials commonly
type of biopolymers are much utilized for the production of

CURRENT
lower than those of bioplastics already have high
petroleum-based polymers, demand in the food industry.
hence the difficulty to move it
SITUATION into large-scale production.
Large-scale production of
starch-based bioplastics will

ON STARCH Some of the major challenges

to overcome are:[14] 
only results in a reduced
availibility of food or an
increase in prices, the latter
BASED • Raw material demand
• Production prices
having a negative impact on
the economy.[15] 
BIOPLASTIC • Correct disposal of
biodegradable waste
PRODUCTION
 

[14] Matsuura, E. Ye, Y. He, X. 2008. Sustainability Opportunities and Challenges of Bioplastics. Blekinge Institute of Technoloogy, Sweden.  13
[15] Escobar, N. Haddad, S. Britz, W(2015). Economic and Environmental Implications of a Target for Bioplastics Consumption. University of Bonn, Germany.
 CORN
PRODUCTION  USAGE
(MILLION BUSHELS)

Figure 9. Corn usage. Reprinted from:  14

Figure 8. Corn production. Reprinted from: http://www.worldofcorn.com/#/ http://www.worldofcorn.com/#/
 POTATO[16]
PRODUCTION   USAGE
Total world production: 388,249,255 tons

Figure 11. Potato usage. Reprinted from: 

https://www.nationalpotatocouncil.org/files/5015/6380/8213/2019_
Figure 10. Potato production. Stat_Book__fnl.pdf 15

[16] Potato Statistical Yearbook 2019. National Potato Councial. United States of America. 2019.
 WHEAT
PRODUCTION  USAGE

Figure 13. Wheat usage. Reprinted from: 

https://research.rabobank.com/far/en/sectors/grains-oilseeds/global
Figure 12. World wheat production. Reprinted from:  _wheat_demand_article_1.html
http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize 16
 ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF
BIOPLASTIC PRODUCTION[15]
The negative impact
on the market
includes the
increase of crop
prices and
thereafter a limited
availability of these
products.

Figure 14. Changes in consumer prices using a CGE model. Reprinted from: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/9057.pdf
[15] Escobar, N. Haddad, S. Britz, W. Economic and Environmental Implications of a Target for Bioplastics Consumption. University of Bonn, Germany. 17
 Table 3. STATE OF THE ART 

Author Raw material Modification method Temperature Limitations

García, V. (2015) The final product exhibited strength

[17] Untreated starch mixed deficiencies, was brittle and was not
Corn 75°C uniform.
with reagents

Saiful, Helwati,  It had good plasticity but was very

H.  (2019)[18] Preparation of starch- sensitive to humidity.
Wheat based bioplastics via phase 70 °C and  75°C
inversion method

Holguin The mixtures showed fault conditions

Cardona, J. of humidification, which made them
(2019)[19] Potato Starch modified with acetic 45 °C  and 60 °C weak and with low plasticity.
acid

Ángeles Rosales, The biopolymer obtained breaks easily,

A. (2016)[20] Condensation it is necessary to improve the resistance
Taro 40°C  and elongation.
polymerization

[17]GARCIA QUIÑONEZ, Alma Verónica., Obtención de un polímero biodegradable a partir de almidón de maíz., Tesis de pregrado. Santa Tecla, San Salvador; Universidad Especializada en
Ingeniería, 2015, p, 30.
[18]Saiful, Helwati, H., Saleha, S., & Iqbalsyah, T. M. (2019). Development of bioplastic from wheat Janeng starch for food packaging. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering, 523, 012015. 
[19]Holguin Cardona, J. (2019). Obtaining a bioplastic from potato starch. Chemical modification of starch by acetic acid, 4, 32–60.
[20]Ángeles Rosales, A., & Suazo, J. (2016). Components for the production of biopolymers. Obtaining plastic biopolymer from taro starch, 2, 22–25.
18
 Table 3. STATE OF THE ART 

Raw material Modification method Temperature Limitations

Tovar, Benítez, T. Isolation of corn starch by The starch once obtained must be dried
(2008) different solvents (NaOH, so that the retrogradation is faster,
Corn 40-43 °C since with the presence of moisture,
NaCl, Ethanol, Acetic Acid,
HCl and Toluene) the retrogradation acts slower.
Agustin, M. A starch bioplastic with soluble keratin
(2014) Rice 50°C was obtained, the sheet was flexible
Pregelatinization and tough, but it was a little sticky.
Mathew Aji P. As the starch content decreases and the
(2015) glycerin content, a higher temperature
profile is required, this may be due to
Esterification and 50°C -  110°C  that during storage recrystallization
Yucca acetylation
occurs.
And get a homogeneous, translucent
and brittle bioplastic.

[21] Tovar, Benítez, T. (2008). Caracterización morfológica y térmica del almidón de maíz (Zea mays L) obtenido por diferentes métodos de aislamiento. Tesis de Licenciado, Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de Hidalgo, México.
[22]Agustin, M. B., Ahmmad, B., Alonzo, S. M. M., & Patriana, F. M. (2014). Bioplastic based on starch and cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites,
33(24), 2205–2213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684414558325
[23] Mathew Aji P. (2015)Dufresne Alain – Plasticized waxy Maize starch: Effect of Polyols and Relative Humidity on Material Properties   in Macromolecules ,Vol 3 , 1101-1108.

19
 What has been studied?
Other authors
• The biodegradability of starch-based
bioplastics.
• The production of starchy bioplastics
from other sources such as corn,
potatoes and wheat.
• That acetic acid modified starch
between temperatures of 45 and 60 ° C
produces an optimal product that is
sensitive to moisture and low plasticity.
• The temperature depends on the starch
content in relation to glycerin.
• The composition of the canary seed.
Not Studied
• Development of a method to extract
starch from of canary seed.
• Obtaining a starch-based bioplastic
obtained from canary seeds.
• Modifying canary seed with acetic acid
with between temperatures of (25-60 ° C)
to improve the quality of the bioplastic.
• Characterization of the bioplastic based
on canary seed starch that includes
biodegradability, water solubility and
tensile tests.
20
 SOLUTION
Canary Seed
Phalaris canariensis L.

21
 Figure 15. Canary seed. Reprinted from 
https://www.emarketlatinoamerica.com/uru
Plant of Mediterranean origin with a life cycle like that of guay/la-semilla-de-alpiste/

wheat. Its harvest is limited to the applications of this

plant and its seed. [24]
APPLICATIONS[25]
WORLD PRODUCTION Bird food
Feeding of breeding animals.
Nutritional feeding

Medicinal applications.

Average world production volume:

190,000 tons per year. [26]
Figure 16. Canary seed production worldwide. Reprinted from:  
http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize

[24] Cogliatti, M. 2012. El Cultivo del Alpiste: Situación y Perspectivas. Facultad de Agronomía, Argentina. 
[25] Cogliatti M. 2012. El Grano de Alpiste. Facultad de Agronomía, Argentina. 22
[26] FAOSTAT. (2016). Cantidades de producción de alpiste por país. Recuperado de http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/S 
 CANARY SEED COMPOSITION
The starch percentage of 61%
Proteins:
in canary seed is considerably
Ashes:
21.67% 2.16% like that of corn, which is
Oils: 5.59% 62.60%, therefore it can be
suggested as a starch source
Humidity
and volatile
for the fabrication of
Carbohydrates:
substances: 
60.93%
bioplastics.[27]
9.65%
Starch in canary seed is
presented in a polygonal shape
Figure 17. Canary seed composition. Reprinted from:  
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/153561265.pdf between 0.5 and 7.5 μm.[28]

[27] Astiazarán, I. y Martínez, J.A. Alimentos, composición y propiedades. MacGraw-Hill Interamericana. Madrid, 1999. 

23
[28] Mason, E. L´Hocine, L. Achouri, A. Karboune, S. Hairless Canaryseed: A Novel Cereal with Health Promoting Potential. 2018. 
 ECONOMIC IMPACT
IMPORTED IN MEXICO[29]

38,000 tons of canary seed

Worth 27M dollars

TOTAL EXPORT[30]

$111.58 M dollars
Figure 18. Prices per ton of canary seed in dollars. Reprinted from:  Coggliati, M.
Canaryseed Crop. 2012.

[29] Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografia. 2014. Balance Comercial de Mercancias de México.  24

[30] Canary seed. TRIDGE: Market Intelligence. https://www.tridge.com/intelligences/canary-seed/price
 Importance 
Although bioplastics provide positive effects against pollution, at the same time they also trigger new
needs. 

Primarily in raw material inputs for manufacturing on an industrial scale, as the main starch-contributing
crops already have a high demand in the food sector (corn) and in different industries. Therefore, it is not
feasible to apply these resources to the development of bioplastics, since implementing such a process
represents a significant investment compared to the conventional process.

Therefore, it is relevant to look for alternatives that may be viable to meet this demand and achieve the
development of sustainable bioplastics that meet the quality and safety requirements to counter the
environmental problem.

25
 Hypothesis Not studied
• Development of a method to extract starch
from of canary seeds.
• Obtaining a starch-based bioplastic
By extracting and modifying the starch
obtained from canary seeds.
contained in canary seed with acetic acid
• Modifying canary seed with acetic acid with
under conditions of temperature between
between temperatures of (25-60 ° C) to
25-60°C, a bioplastic will be obtained,
improve the quality of the bioplastic.
which by means of the corresponding
• Characterization of the bioplastic based
characterization will achieve similar
on canary seed starch that includes
properties of hardness, tensile strength,
biodegradability, water solubility and
water solubility and biodegradability to tensile tests.
that of other bioplastics from high-
demand raw materials that already meet
the needs of human consumption and
degradation standards.

26
 Hypothesis
By extracting and modifying the starch contained in canary seed with acetic acid under conditions of temperature
between 25-60°C, a bioplastic will be obtained, which by means of the corresponding characterization will achieve
similar properties of hardness, tensile strength, water solubility and biodegradability to that of other bioplastics
from high-demand raw materials that already meet the needs of human consumption and degradation standards.

Objectives
• General
Verify if bioplastic produced from canary seed starch is biodegradable and meets the
same needs as conventional plastics.
• Specific
 Propose a starch extraction method for canary seed based on the methods already
stablished for other cereals.
 Chemically modify canary seed starch with acetic acid with between temperatures of
(25-60 ° C)  to better its mechanical properties and improve bioplastic quality.
 Elaborate a biodegradable plastic from canary seed starch.
 After obtaining the bioplastic, carry out its characterization: biodegradability,
humidity content, mechanical properties, water solubility and thermogravimetric
analysis.
27
 METHODOLO
GY
28
 Starch Elaboration of
Starch extraction Characterization Results
modification Bioplastic

Figure 19. Methodology Diagram.

29
 The procedure reported by Adkins and Greenwood[31] will be used, with the
Starch modifications proposed by González[32]:
Extraction[21]

THE CANARY SEED AFTERWARDS, THE THE SUSPENSION WILL THE SUSPENSION TWO SOLID PHASES THE NACL-TOLUENE FINALLY THE STARCH
GRAINS WILL BE CANARY SEED GRAINS BE SIEVED IN 100 (0.150 OBTAINED WILL BE WILL FORM, THE UPPER SOLUTION WILL BE WILL BE WASHED WITH
SOAKED IN A BUFFER ARE WASHED WITH MM) AND 200 (0.075 CENTRIFUGED IN A ONE GRAY IN COLOR DISCARDED BY DISTILLED WATER
SOLUTION OF 0.02M DISTILLED WATER AND MM) MESHES, THE BECKMAN COULTER (COMPOSED OF CENTRIFUGATION THREE TIMES, IT WILL
SODIUM ACETATE (PH GROUND IN A RESIDUES WILL BE BRAND PROTEINS, LIPIDS AND UNDER THE BE CENTRIFUGED
6.5), CONTAINING HOMEMADE BLENDER WASHED WITH ULTRACENTRIFUGE SMALL STARCH CONDITIONS ALREADY UNDER THE
0.01M MERCURY (MODEL BPSTO2-B) AT DISTILLED WATER UNTIL (OPTIMAL MODEL XL- GRANULES THAT WILL MENTIONED.  AFOREMENTIONED
CHLORIDE (IN A 1:2 MAXIMUM SPEED FOR A LIQUID WITH A 100K) FOR 30 MINUTES NOT SEPARATE) AND CONDITIONS AND IT
RATIO, W / V, WITH 5 MINUTES.  TRANSPARENT COLOR IS AND THE SUPERNATANT THE LOWER ONE WHITE WILL BE DRIED IN A
RESPECT TO THE OBTAINED, THAT IS, WILL BE DISCARDED.  (STARCH), WHICH WILL SHELLAB BRAND AIR
CANARY SEED GRAIN) UNTIL THE EXIT LIQUID BE RESUSPENDED AND RECIRCULATING STOVE
LEAVING IN STIRRING HAS NO APPARENT HOMOGENIZED IN A (MODEL CE5F) AT 40-43
FOR 24 H, CHANGING RESIDUE OF STARCH.  SOLUTION COMPOSED ° C FOR 24 H, IT WILL BE
THE SOLUTION EVERY OF NACL 0.1 M AND GROUND, WEIGHED
12 H.  TOLUENE (IN A 7: 1 AND IT WILL BE STORED
RATIO, V/V), IT WILL IN A GLASS JAR UNTIL
KEEP STIRRING FOR 12 USE.
H. 

[21] Tovar, Benítez, T. (2008). Caracterización morfológica y térmica del almidón de maíz (Zea mays L) obtenido por diferentes métodos de aislamiento. Tesis de Licenciado,
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México.
[31] Adkins, G.K.,  y Greenwood, C.T. (1996). The isolation of cereal starches in the laboratory. Starch, 18(7), 213-218.
[32] González-Reyes, E., Méndez-Montealvo, G., Solorza-Feria, J., Toro-Vázquez, J.F., y Bello-Pérez, L.A. (2003). Rheological and thermal characterization of Okenia 30
hypogaea (Schlech. & Cham.) starch. Carbohyd Polymers, 52(3), 297-310.
 In order to increase the mechanical properties of the material, a
Elaboration of modification will be made to the starch by means of a reinforced matrix.
Bioplastic To chemically modify the starch, chemical modification by crosslinking
will decrease the brittleness of the starch granule, increasing its
resistance to high temperatures, increasing mechanical resistance
properties and maintaining integrity in acidic conditions[33].

Table 4. Reagents for the starch modification process[34].

REAGENTS g reagent / g starch
Acetic acid (5%) 0.1313 
Distilled water 11.25
HCl (1 N) 0.026
NaOH ( 0.1 N) 0.005508

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación Universidad De América , Bogotá.
31
[34] Dastidar, T.G., & Netravali, A.N. (2012). ‘Green’ crosslinking of native starches with malonic acid and their properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 90(4), 1620-1628. 
 STARCH MODIFICATION PROCESS.​

Elaboration of Figure 20. Starch wash

Bioplastic[33]
After this, the aqueous mixture is passed
through the centrifuge equipment to
The canary seed starch is washed with accelerate the sedimentation, with
distilled water, mixed with a glass shaker operating conditions of 2600 rpm for 15
or shaker.  minutes, this process must be carried out
three times to ensure that the starch is free
of contamination.[35] 

Immediately, a filtration is carried out

Finally, the particle size is reduced by
with a vacuum pump to ensure the
passing the starch through a train of
separation of the two phases and extract
sieves (meshes between 8 and 50), thus
as much water as possible, finally, it
bringing it to a uniform particle size of
enters a tray oven at a temperature of 35 °
0.297 mm.
C for 12 hours. 

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación Universidad De América , Bogotá.
32
[35] Novelo, C.L. & Betancour, A.D. (2005). Chemical and functional properties of Phaseolus lunatus and Manihot esculenta starch blends. Starch, 57(9), 431-44.
 STARCH MODIFICATION PROCESS.​

Elaboration of
The amount of reagent is controlled
Bioplastic[33] from a drip assembly where the
reagents (acetic acid (5%) and
NaOH (0.1 N)) are placed in 50 mL
burettes and fixed in two universal
supports.
The starch is weighed in a 250 mL
beaker and with 100 mL of distilled
water it is mixed with the starch,
this is done mechanically (shaker)
with a speed between 400 and 600
rpm for 30 minutes.

Starch
modification
Figure 21.

The pH is measured with a When the pH of the mixture is

potentiometer, 1 mL of NaOH is stabilized, the reagent assembly is
added to stabilize the pH between 8 placed, and acetic acid and sodium
-8.5. hydroxide are added dropwise. 

By adding the amount of acetic

Finally, the reaction is stopped with
acid, the mixture can react for 30
1 mL of 1N HCl.
minutes.
[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención de un
bioplástico a partir de almidón de papa. Tesis de 33
pregrado, Fundación Universidad De América , Bogotá.
 STARCH MODIFICATION PROCESS.​
Elaboration
of
Bioplastic[33] The mixture from
the acetylation process The resulting supernatant is
is brought to a centrifuge at filtered with a vacuum pump,
Drying of a speed of 2600 rpm, and
a temperature of 15 ° C for 15
and the resulting settled starch
is removed.
the minutes.
modified
Figure 22.

starch.

A wash with water is done, It is taken to a tray oven at a

this process is carried out three temperature of 35 ° C for a
times. time of 8 hours.

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación Universidad De América , Bogotá. 34
 CONFIRMATION OF THE MODIFICATION OF THE STARCH.
Elaboration
of To confirm the modification, the following will be used: "the
Bioplastic[33] determination of the degree of substitution by back titration",
which determines the amount of hydroxyl substituted.[36]

Table 5. Reagents of the starch modification confirmation process.[33].

REAGENTS g reagent / g starch

Ethanol (75%) 42.99
KOH (0.5 N) 0.3366
HCl (0.5 N) 
Starch modification 15.4
HCl( 0.5 N)
Starch 13.2

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación Universidad De América , Bogotá.
[36] Carrascal-Sanchez, Juan J.
(2013). Acetilación del almidón de Arracacia xanthorrhiza y evaluación de su aplicación como posible auxiliar farmacéutico. Tesis de pregrado, Bogotá D.C., Colombia: 35
Universidad Nacional.
 Figure 23. CONFIRMATION OF THE MODIFICATION OF THE STARCH.
Elaboration
of After this time, 2 drops of
phenolphthalein are added and
Bioplastic[33] 1 g of modified starch is
weighed by acetylation in a 250
a titration is carried out with
HCl 0.5N, this procedure is
mL Erlenmeyer flask and 50
carried out for canary seed
mL of 75% ethanol are added.
starch and the modified
starch. [37]

Keep stirring for 30 minutes in The same procedure is

a temperature range of 20 ° C to performed for canary seed
26 ° C.  starch.

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención

de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de
papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación
40 mL of 0.5N KOH is added to
it, and it is stirred for 72 hours
Universidad De América , Bogotá. After this time, it is left to rest
[37] Rivas-González, M.,Zamudio-Flores, P.B. in an orbital shaker with a
for 10 minutes.
y Bello-Pérez, L. A. (2009). Efecto del grado stirring speed of 415 rpm and a
de acetilación en las características temperature of 22 ° C.
morfológicas y fisicoquímicas del almidón de
plátano. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería 36
Química, 8(3), 29. 
 Elaboration Table 6. Reagents of the process for Table 7. Process conditions for obtaining
of obtaining bioplastic. bioplastic.
Bioplastic[33] CONDITIONS VALUE UNITS
REAGENTS g reagent / g starch Premix temperature. 25
Modified starch. 1 Mixing temperature. 40
Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.1 Polymerization 70 °C
temperature.
Polyvinyl alcohol. 0.3
Drying temperature. 35-60
NaCl 0.075
Premix time. 30
H3BO3 0.015
Mixing time. 5
Xanthan gum min
0.015 Polymerization reaction 7-12
C3H8O3 0.3 time.

Mineral oil 0.15 Drying time. 8-16 hours

C2H6 1.25 Mixing stirring speed. 250
Stirring speed in 710 rpm
polymerization reaction.

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención

de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de
papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación
37
Universidad De América , Bogotá.
 Figure 24. Premixture process.
Elaboration
of • Modified canary seed starch, polyvinyl alcohol and distilled water are
used in this premix, this mixture is carried out using magnetic stirring on
Bioplastic[33] 1st Premix a heating plate at 25°C, at a stirring speed of 150 rpm for 30 minutes.

• Hydroxyethyl cellulose with distilled water is used in this premix.

Mechanical agitation is carried out at 250 rpm and at 40°C for 5 minutes,
2nd these conditions are maintained throughout the process.
Premix

• To add this premix, which consists of NaCl and Boric Acid, the weighing
of both reagents is carried out, leaving them reserved until it is time to
3rd Premix join them to the second mixture.

• Add the xanthan gum and water, which must be stirred for 20 minutes at
a stirring speed of 150 rpm.
4th Premix
[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención
de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de
papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación 38
Universidad De América , Bogotá.
 Figure 25. Methodology for obtaining bioplastic. Adapted[33]
Elaboration 3rd Premix 1st Premix 2nd Premix 4th Premix
of Bioplastic

Mix 1

Mix 2

10 mL of ethanol Mix 3
3 mL of mineral oil
Polymerization
15 mL of ethanol  reaction
30 mL of water

Drying

[33] Holguin Cardona, J.S. (2019). Obtención de un bioplástico a partir de almidón de papa. Tesis de pregrado, Fundación Universidad De América , Bogotá. 39
 Biodegradation [38]
Figure 26.  • Biodegradability will be tested through the soil burial method. The
.
Characterization bioplastic will be buried at depths of 5 and 10 cm in the presence of
microorganisms for 15-30 days. The weight loss % will be calculated using
the initial and final weight. 

Moisture Content [39]

• Moisture content will be calculated weighing samples before and after

drying them in an oven.

Mechanical Properties [39]

• The tensile strength and elongation percentage will be tested according to

ASTM standards. A thin film made out of the bioplastic (less than 1 mm in
thickness) will be tested using the Inston model 34SC. The films will be
strained until rupture and the percent elongation and tensile strength will be
calculated with the following equations:

Eq. 1 Eq. 2

[38] Gontard N, Guilbert S, Cuq J-L. Edible wheat gluten films: influence of the main process variables on film properties using response surface
methodology. J Food Sci. 1992;57:190–195 40
[39] ASTM-D882 (2012) In: ASTM international, West Conshohocken
 Water Solubility [38]
Figure 26. Continued
.
Characterization • Bioplastic samples will be placed in an oven (Tecnal-TE-
393/I) until all water is eliminated. Then, the samples will
be weighted and incubated in distilled water in a rotary
shaker. After this procedure, dry mass left will be dried in
the oven and weighted. The solubility will be determined
with the following equation: 
Eq. 3

Thermogravimetric Analysis[40]

• The thermal stability will be tested using a

thermogravimetric analyzer with an increase of 5 °C per
minute form 25 °C to 500 °C.
[38] Gontard N, Guilbert S, Cuq J-L. Edible wheat gluten films: influence of the main process variables on film properties using response surface methodology. J
Food Sci. 1992;57:190–195 41
[40] Marichelvam, M. Jawaid, M. Asim, M. Corn and Rice Starch-Based Bioplastics as Alternative Packaging Materials. Fibers 2019 7(4), 32.
 SOLICITED
RESOURCES
42
 Table 8. Expenditure. Expenditure 
Price per unit Total (MXN)
Material  Quantity (MXN)
Canary seed grains[41] 5 23 115
Sodium acetate[42] 1  kg 2,280 2,280
Mercury chloride[43] 1  550 550
Homemade blender (Model BPSTO2-B)[44] 1 1,319 1,319
Meshes of 100 (0.150 mm)[45] 3 554.18 997.53
Meshes of 200 (0.075 mm)[46] 3 443.12 1,330.02
Beckman Coulter brand ultracentrifuge (Optimal Model XL-100K) [47] 1 364,012.57 364,012.57
Sodium chloride[48] 1 kg 441.13 441.13
Toluene[49] 0.5 L 1,820 910
Shel Lab brand air recirculating stove (Model CE5F)[50] 1 3,699 3,699
Glass jar[51] 5 1,540.62 7,703.1

[41] Mayoreo online. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://mayoreo.online/products/alpiste-simple

[42] Mercado libre. Retrieved May 29  from https://listado.mercadolibre.com.mx/industrias-y-oficinas/acetato-de-sodio 
[43]  QuimiNet. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.quiminet.com/productos/cloruro-de-mercurio-11846157481/precios.htm 
[44] Oster. Licuadora Oster® 2 velocidades serie profesional BPST02-B00. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.oster.com.mx/licuadora-oster-2-velocidades-serie-profesional-bpst02-b00/p 
[45]Amazon. Retrieved May 29 from 
https://spanish.alibaba.com/product-detail/aluminum-mesh-grease-filter-fume-filter-net-expanded-aluminium-wire-cooker-hood-metal-grease-filter-mesh-60020417351.html?spm=a2700.8699010.normalList.2.32a86ee2KEYLjr&s=p
[46]Amazon. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Woven-200-Malla-x0-075-Inoxidable-abierta/dp/B01N37KG3P
[47] Ebay. (s. f.). Centrifugadoras Beckman Coulter ultracentrífuga. Recuperado 29 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.ebay.com/n/error?statuscode=500 
[48]ScienceCompany. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.sciencecompany.com/Sodium-Chloride-500g-P6374.aspx 
[49]Merck. Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/solvents/products.html?TablePage=17292516 
[50] LabX. Retrieved May 29, 2020 form https://www.labx.com/product/shel-lab-oven  43
[51]  CP Lab Safety Retrieved May 29, 2020 from https://www.calpaclab.com/certified-clean-2-ounce-clear-glass-sample-jars-screw-caps-environmental-express/ds-apc1130 
 Material Quantity Price per unit (MXN) Total (MXN)
Heating iron with agitation (SM-H380-PRO). [52] 1 11,290 11,290
Analytical balance (NIMBUS NBL 124e). [53] 1 38,395.15 38,395.15
Laboratory centrifuge (HERMILE Z-326). [54] 1 108,264.36 108,264.36
Vacuum pump. [55] 1 3,450.69 3,450.69
Tray warming oven. [56] 1 17,700 17,700
Blade mixer (WISD EW). [57] 1 6,315.39 6,315.39
Precision infrared thermometer (STEREN). [58] 1 416 416
Muffle. [59] 1 28,532 28,532
250 mL Erlenmeyer. [60] 1 97 97
250 mL Beaker [61] 1 84 84

[52] VelaQuin. (s. f.). Agitador magnético digital con placa de calentamiento. Modelo SM-H380-PRO. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/agitador-magnetico-digital-con-placa-de-calentamiento-modelo-ms-h380-pro 
[53] Ebay. (s. f.-a). ADAM Equipment NBL 124e 120g Digital LCD Nimbus Analytical Balance. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://www.ebay.com/itm/ADAM-Equipment-NBL-124e-120g-Digital-LCD-Nimbus-Analytical-Balance/324151806138?epid=1932836426&hash=item4b78f408ba:g:yT0AAOSwtzJeq0Xg  
[54] Laboratory equipment. (s. f.). Z326 Universal Centrifuges by Hermle. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.laboratory-equipment.com/z326-universal-centrifuges-hermle.html 
[55] Ebay. (s. f.-a). 220V Rotary Vane Air Vacuum Pump Tool for Film Laminating Machine Free shipping. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://www.ebay.com/itm/220V-Rotary-Vane-Air-Vacuum-Pump-Tool-for-Film-Laminating-Machine-Free-shipping/401785790530?hash=item5d8c4ca042:g:KVAAAOSw-xVaOkKh  
[56] Exhibir. (s. f.). Horno deshidratador industrial 32 bandejas. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://exhibirequipos.com/producto/horno-deshidratador-industrial-30-bandejas/ 
[57] Ebay. (s. f.-d). Digital Laboratory Overhead 2000RPM Stirrer Mixer 20L 110V Industrial Liquid. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://www.ebay.com/itm/Digital-Laboratory-Overhead-2000RPM-Stirrer-Mixer-20L-110V-Industrial-Liquid/233017734969?hash=item3640f07739:g:xKsAAOSwC%7E9b-B5o 
[58] Steren. (2020, mayo 27). Termómetro infrarrojo digital tipo pistola Steren Tiend. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.steren.com.mx/termometro-infrarrojo-digital-tipo-pistola-her-426.html 
[59] VelaQuin. (s. f.-b). Mufla. Modelo AR-340. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/mufla 
[60] VelaQuin. (s. f.-b). Matraz Erlenmeyer 250ml. Modelo 212163605. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/matraz-erlenmeyer-250ml-modelo-212163605  44
[61] VelaQuin. (s. f.-g). Vaso de precipitado de 250ml. Modelo 211063604. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/vaso-de-precipitado-de-250ml-modelo-211063604 
 Material Quantity Price per unit (MXN) Total (MXN)
Drying and sterilization oven Tecnal-TE-393/I[62] 1 28,177 28,177
Rotary shaker[63] 1 14,449 14,449
Inston tensile tester [64] 1 160,800 160,800
C3H8O3 [65] 0.3 34.80 34.80
g
C2H6  [66] 1.25 586 586
Mineral oil. [67] 3  mL 44.08 44.08
Benchmark Orbi Shaker (BT300)[68] 1 17,850.98 17,850.98
Potentiometer (MILWAUKEE Mw101). [69] 1 3,499 3,499
Thermogravimetric analyzer Perkin Elmer[70] 1 93,000 93,000

[62] Mercado Libre.  Estufa para secado y esterilización Tecnal. Recuperado 29 de mayo de 2020, de: https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-740417742-estufa-para-secado-y-esterilizacion-tecnal-te-39380l-_JM
[63] Global Test Supply. Heathrow Scientific Digital Orbital Shaker. Recuperado 29 de mayo de 2020, de:  https://www.globaltestsupply.com/product/Heathrow-Scientific-HS120460-Digital-Orbital-Shaker
[64] Global Test Supply (s.b.f) Chatillon LTCM-500UK. Recuperado 29 de mayo de 2020, de: 
https://www.globaltestsupply.com/product/chatillon-ltcm-500-uk-motorized-test-standgclid=CjwKCAjwiMj2BRBFEiwAYfTbCpiPbkuAkwszIsAWOddzVsTf3xjtbylT-ANSuxw1SrJK8dtARHbChRoCR5kQAvD_BwE
[65] Drogueria Cosmopolita. (s. f.). GLICERINA PURA [1 kgr] - México. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.cosmotienda.com/tienda/glicerina-pura-p-3415.html?fmsid=4m4m25pn7fupca0cim0mssd2n2 
[66] ChemicalBook. (s. f.). ETHANE | 74-84-0. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_cb4223139.htm 
[67] Drogueria Cosmopolita. (s. f.-a). ACEITE MINERAL NF 55 [1 lto] - México. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://www.cosmotienda.com/tienda/aceite-mineral-p-3638.html?fmsid=4m4m25pn7fupca0cim0mssd2n2 
[68] Ebay. (s. f.-b). NEW ! Benchmark Scientific OrbiShaker JR 500-300rpm Orbital Shaker, BT300. Recuperado 29 de mayo de 2020, de
https://www.ebay.com/itm/NEW-Benchmark-Scientific-OrbiShaker-JR-500-300rpm-Orbital-Shaker-BT300/173984783087?epid=1517322875&hash=item28824d1aef:g:Bl4AAOSwwtNdRGr5 
[69] Mercado Libre. (s. f.). Medidor De Ph Metro Digital Con Estuche Mw101 Milwaukee. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-574966769-medidor-de-ph-metro-digital-con-estuche-mw101-milwaukee-_JM?quantity=1&variation=21143805107#position=1&type=item&tracking_id=9db2ba01-4d47-483c
-b328-f1713bfd574a
 
[70] Ebay (s.b.f) Perkin Elmer TGA. Recuperado 29 de mayo de 2020, de: https://www.ebay.com/itm/PERKIN-ELMER-TGA-7-THERMOGRAVIMETRIC-ANALYZER-with-TAC-7-3-Instrument-Controller-/132283274154
45
 Material Quantity Price per unit (MXN) Total (MXN)
Hydroxyethyl cellulose. [71] 0.1  2,216.72 2,216.72
Polyvinyl alcohol. [72] 0.3  169.85 169.85
g
H3BO3 [73] 0.015 59.97 59.97
Xanthan gum. [74] 0.015 31 31 
HCl (0.5 N) [75] 50  163 163
HCl (1 N) [76] 3 174 174
NaOH (0.1 N) [77] 1  139 139
Acetic acid (5%). [78] 5 75 75
mL
KOH (0.5 N). [79] 80  786.99 786.99
Phenolphthalein. [80] 0.1  95.76 95.76
Ethanol (75%) [81] 110 659 659

Total: $920,913.09
[71] Alibaba. (s. f.). El Mejor Precio De Polvo Blanco Hidroxietil Celulosa (hec) Cas 9004-62-0 - Buy 9004-62-0,Celulosa Hidroxietil,Hec Product on Alibaba.com. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://spanish.alibaba.com/product-detail/best-price-white-powder-hydroxyethyl-cellulose-hec-cas-9004-62-0-62110119002.html?spm=a2700.8699010.discountZoneStyleB_top.3.5f86cefcYXr2Py
[72] Alquera. (s. f.). Alcohol Polivinilico: Usos, Propiedades y Comprar. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.alquera.com/alcohol-polivinilico 
[73] Drogueria Cosmopolita. (s. f.). ACIDO BORICO [500 g] - Sales - México. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.cosmotienda.com/tienda/acido-borico-p-3153.html 
[74] Mercado Libre. (s. f.-a). Goma De Xantana 100 Grs. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-723503235-goma-de-xantana-100-grs-_JM?quantity=1#reco_item_pos=17&reco_backend=machinalis-seller-items-pdp&reco_backend_type=low_level&reco_client=vip-seller_items-above
&reco_id=a3d2c41b-138b-47ef-8493-c7f0067542e2
 
[75] VelaQuin. (s. f.-a). Acido clorhidrico 0.5N Sol. Vol. ACS. Modelo 5622-02. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/acido-clorhidrico-0-5n-sol-vol-ra-modelo-5622-02 
[76] VelaQuin. (s. f.-a). Acido clorhidrico 0.1N Sol. Vol. ACS. Modelo 5621-02. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/acido-clorhidrico-0-1n-sol-vol-ra-modelo-5621-02 
[77] VelaQuin. (s. f.-d). Hidróxido de sodio 0.1N Sol. Vol. ACS. Modelo 5636-02. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://www.velaquin.com.mx/products/hidroxido-de-sodio-0-1n-sol-vol-ra-modelo-5636-2 
[78] Mercado Libre. (s. f.-a). Acido Acetico Al 5%. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de
https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-776156870-acido-acetico-al-5-vinagre-artificial-_JM?quantity=1#position=21&type=item&tracking_id=f715d108-c64a-4756-bd4b-ef4fc10ad2b5   46
[79] Labbox. (2018, julio 18). Potasio hidróxido, solución valorada 0.5 M (0.5 N) en etanol VSA. Recuperado 30 de mayo de 2020, de https://esp.labbox.com/producto/potasio-hidroxido-solucion-valorada-0-5-m-0-5-n-en-etanol-vsa/ 
 Table 9. Hypothesis-specific objectives-required equipment connection
Hypothesis  Specific objectives Required equipment Goals 
By Propose a starch extraction method for - Homemade blender. Allow the extraction of starch
extracting and modifyin canary seed based on the methods - Meshes of 100 (0.150 mm) and 200 (0.075 mm). from the raw material.
g the starch contained in already stablished for other cereals. - Beckman Coulter brand ultracentrifuge.
canary seed with acetic - ShelLab brand air recirculating stove.
acid under conditions of
temperature Elaborate a biodegradable plastic from - Heating iron with agitation. - Thermogravimetric Make plastic prototypes from
between 25-60°C, a canary seed starch. - Analytical balance. analyzer Perkin Elmer. canary seed starch.
bioplastic will be - Laboratory centrifuge. - Instron tensile tester.
obtained, which by - Vacuum pump. - Rotary shaker.
means of the - Tray warming oven. - Drying and
corresponding character - Blade mixer. sterilization oven.
ization will achieve - Precision infrared
similar properties of thermometer.
hardness, tensile - Muffle.
strength, water - Benchmark Orbi Shaker.
solubility and - Potentiometer.
biodegradability to that
of other bioplastics from
high-demand raw After obtaining the bioplastic, carry out - Analytical balance. Quantify the biodegradability
materials that already its characterization: biodegradability, - Sterilizing oven. and the properties obtained in
meet the needs of humidity content, mechanical - Tensile test machine. the prototypes
human consumption properties, water solubility and - Thermogravimetric analyzer.
and degradation thermogravimetric analysis.
standards.

Chemically modify canary seed starch - Laboratory centrifuge. Chemically modify the starch

with acetic acid with between - Vacuum pump. content obtained from canary
temperatures of (25-60°C) - Tray warming oven. seed and improve its properties
 to better its mechanical properties and - Shaker. to make it more resistant.
 improve bioplastic quality.

47
 Project responsibles
Chemical engineering students of the UANL

Carmona Licon Sofía                     

Martínez Mateo María Elizabeth
    

Morales Cruz Iván Gerardo          Ramírez Pacheco Claudia

  Lizbeth 

48
 Collaborators:
Table 10. Collaborator information
Name Academic degrees Line of research SNI
Iván Eleazar Moreno Cortez PhD in Materials • Effect of heat treatment condition on SNI I
Engineering microstructure and superelastic properties of
Master in materials Ti24Zr10Nb2Sn
science • Thermal stability of the immobilization process
Bachelor of of horseradish peroxidase in electrospun
Materials polymeric nanofibers
Engineering • Electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers
by bubble electrospinning technique

49
 GOALS AND
DELIVERABLES

50
Figure 27. Gantt Diagram.
Jan Feb Mar Apr June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
51 Review the information collected
with a materials specialist

Look for local suppliers for the raw

material

Investigate the operating conditions

of the equipment to be used

Find a suitable place for equipment,

reagents and raw materials

Seek to finance the project

Buy equipment, reagents and raw

materials
 Jan Feb Mar Apr June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Make the first extraction of starch from canary seed​

52 Quantify performance​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Make modifications to the extraction process if ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

necessary​

Determine the amylose and amylopectin ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

content present in canary starch​

Make the respective modifications to the starch

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Divide into random samples to proceed to prototyping​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Do the mechanical tests​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Do the degradation tests​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Equipment maintenance

Make a poster for the green engineering congress VI

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Write the article to be published​
 Technical report.

Financial report.

Project Social service of 4 students

Deliverables Poster for the green engineering congress VI

Publication of a scientific article in a specialized

magazine.

Bachelor's degree thesis

53
BUDGET
Table 11. Budget
Total (MXN)
Expenditure 920,913.09
Poster for the green 1,400
engineering congress VI
Publication of a
scientific article in a 64,284.74
specialized magazine
Article review 8,550
Equipment
80,000
maintenance (annual)

TOTAL: $1,075,147.83

54
 [1] Cho, R. 2012. What Happens to All that Plastic? State of The Planet, Columbia University. 
[2] Cho, R. 2017. The Truth About Bioplastics. State of The Planet, Columbia University.
[3] Krzana, A., Hemjindaa, S., Miertusa, S., Cortib, A., 2006. Estandarización y certificación en
el área de plásticos ambientalmente degradables. Degradación y estabilidad del polímero
[4] S. Guilbert, B. Cuq. “Material Formed from Proteins”. En Handbook of Biodegradable polymers
(C. Bastioli eds.), Rapra Technology Limited 2005.
[5] R. Leaversuch. Biodegradable Polyesters: Packaging Goes Green. Plastics Technology 
http://www.cortecvci.com/Publications/pdf/BiodegradablePolyesters.pdf
[6] Table 1.  Current methods for biopolymer production.  Adapted from: Brice, A.,
2011. Tiempo próspero para proyectos de bioplásticos. ICIS Chemical Business 279
[7] L. Averous. “Biodegradable Multiphase Systems Based on Plasticized Starch: A Review”. Journal of
Macromolecular Science. Part C- Polymer Reviews C44 (3), (2004).
[8] Bastioli, C., Biodegradable material for various applications. Biopolymers: General Aspects and Special
Applications, Steinbuchel, Alexa, 10, 2003
[9] Gallur, M., Presente y futuro de los biopolímeros como material de envase, Itene, easy fairs, Barcelona, pp. 1-51, 2010.

References [10] Chero, P.A. 2015. Diseño de un Proceso Industrial para Obtener Plástico Biodegradable a Partir de Almidón. PhD

Thesis. Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Peru. [in Spanish]
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