What is Electricity?

The electrical power we use is measured in

watts (W) or in kilowatts (kW), a kilowatt is a
thousand watts.

What are amps?

Electrical current is described in amps
 Why is this important?

If you have equipment that draws 2

Amps, plugged into a 230V power
outlet you will need 460 watts of
available power.
If you have a large sound system that
draws 11 Amps and is connected to a
230 Volt power outlet you will need 2530
watts of power to run your equipment.
What do the different pins on
an electrical plug do?
 What is an electrical generator?

https://www.google.com/search?q=power+generator&client=firefox-b-ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE
wiBot3i8OjbAhVCE7wKHVGdDDAQ_AUICigB&biw=1920&bih=903#imgrc=11hY2bIpaCVUjM
:
 What is a power conditioner?

Source :
https://www.google.com/search?q=power+conditioner&client=firefox-b-ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwif1J6l8ejbAhUEf7wKHc8pBMEQ_AUICygC&biw=1920&bih=903#imgrc=1VqqpkYRWt5iMM
:
 What is an un-interrupted power supply?

https://www.google.com/search?q=uninterrupted+power+supply&client=firefox-b-
ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5j86C8ujbAhUKxrwKHRFrBy0Q_AUICigB&biw=19
20&bih=903#imgrc=ie9Ba9w1Bb8QDM:
 What are the properties of electricity?

• Potential difference, called voltage (V) and

measured in ‘volts’ (V).
• Current flowing (I), measured in ‘amperes’ or
‘amps’ (A).
• Resistance (R) in the circuit, measured in ‘ohms’
(W).
• These properties are marked in Figure 6.1 using
the symbols V, I, R and W.
 What is Ohms Law?

• Ohm's Law describes the relationship between

voltage, current and resistance. It states that one
volt (1 V) of potential difference will produce one
ampere (1 A) of current when applied to one ohm
(1 W) of resistance. Using symbols, we can state
this simply as:
• V = IR
• where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is
the resistance.
 What is Direct Current?
• A direct current occurs when the current is
constant for a given voltage and
resistance.
• Sources which provide an unvarying
voltage, like batteries, give a direct
current.
 What is Alternating Current?
• Electricity is generated using a mechanical
process which relies on the principal of
electromagnetic induction: a turbine rotating
through a magnetic field. It contains three coils
of wire, in which three separate currents are
generated. Because the orientation of the coils
changes as they move through the magnetic
field, current flows one way and then the other—
hence the term alternating current.
 What is impedance?
• Impedance is the total opposition to
current flow offered by the frequency-
independent resistive component and the
frequency-dependent reactive components
(capacitance and inductance).
 What is a capacitor?
• Capacitors consist of parallel ‘plates’ with
an insulating material between them which
impedes the flow of electrons (electrical
charge) between them. The plates are
close enough to one another for
electrostatic forces emanating from each
to interact with those of the other.
 What is an inductor?
• Inductors work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The
inductor is a coil of wire. When an alternating current passes through
the coil, a magnetic field is induced around the coil. As the current rises,
the magnetic field strength increases. As the current falls, the magnetic
field strength decreases. If the signal is an alternating current, the field’s
strength not only rises and falls but its polarity changes as well.
 Signal measurements
• Microphone level. Microphones generally give levels up to -20 dBu.
They typically have output impedances of 50 to 200 ohms.

• Line levels, such as one gets from synthesizer outputs, preamp

outputs, and most inputs and outputs of signal processors, are from
-20 dBu to +30 dBu. A typical specification is +4 dBm input and output
levels. Input impedances are typically around 600 ohms, and input
impedances are often in the order of 50 kilohms (50,000 ohms).

• Speaker Level. Speaker level describes all levels above +30 dBu,
such as outputs of power amplifiers. The outputs of power amplifiers
typically have impedances of less than 0.1 ohms. Speaker
impedances are typically between 4 and 16 ohms.
 Fuses- Ensure equipment is turned OFF before replacing!
• Ceramic Fuse

• Glass Fuses (Standards or Slow blow)

 Working Safely with Electricity
• Water and electricity DO NOT mix
• Wear correct footwear. Shoes with rubber soles can
prevent electrical shocks
• Care for electrical cables and inspect them regularly
for safety issues
• Choose electrical supply with good safety switches
• Never cut the the earth pin off a cable
• If someone is getting electrocuted use a wooden stick
to push them away from the current or you too could
be electrocuted
 Working Safely with Electricity
• Immediately report electrical hazards to your
supervisor.
• Use warning signs and hazard tape to mark
out electrical hazards
• If you replace a fuse, ensure equipment is
turned off properly and only ever use the same
fuse as the equipment requires. If you use a
fuse with a higher value than required you will
make the equipment electrically unsafe.
 Lets revise…
How many volts will a standard domestic power outlet in
Indonesia deliver?
(230V)

What is the function of the earth pin on a power cable?

(safety-)

Picture of Indonesian power plug. Circle the earth pin..

If power supply is unreliable, or not enough to run the
equipment you require, what pieces of external equipment
may be required?
(Generator)
 Lets revise…
If the power you require to run your audio equipment fluctuates, what
piece of external equipment may be required to make it possible to
run your audio equipment?
(UPS, or power conditioner)

What type of conductor is used in electrical cabling?

(copper)

What is resistance measured in?

(Ohms) 

What is current measured in?

(Amperes).
 Lets revise…
What does “I” refer to when measuring electricity?
(current flowing)

When discussing electricity what does A.C. stand

for?
(Alternating current)

When discussing electricity what does D.C. stand

for?
(Direct current).