Group Members

Ahmed Yaqoob
Mirza Salman Baig
Hamza Latif
Sabir Mehmood
MOMENTUM AND LAW
OF CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
Momentum
 A quantity the motion of a body or
system, equal to the product of the mass
of a body and its velocity, for a system
equal to the vector sum of the products
of mass and velocity of each particle in
the system.
 Momentum = mass*velocity
Momentum
 Since mass is measured in kilograms
and velocity is measured in meters per
second, the unit for momentum is
kilogram-meters per second(kg*m/s).
 Like velocity, acceleration, and force,
momentum is described by its direction
as well as its quantity.
Momentum
 The momentum of an object is in the
same direction as its velocity.
 The more momentum a moving object
has, the harder it is to stop.
 The mass of an object effects the
amount of momentum the object has.
Momentum
Momentum
 For example, you can catch a baseball
moving at 20 m/s, but you cannot stop a
car moving at the same speed.
 The car has more momentum because it
has a greater mass.
 The velocity of an object also effects the
amount of momentum an object has.
Examples of Momentum
 A semi-truck full of logs has a large
mass and must slow down long before a
stop light because even with a velocity, it
has a large momentum and is difficult to
stop.
 A four-wheeler moving at a relatively fast
velocity has a smaller momentum than
the semi-truck because of its small mass
and will stop much faster.
Momentum and Newton’s Second Law
 Momentum was deemed so important that it
was called “quantity of motion.” Newton actually
stated the second law of motion in terms of
momentum: The net external force equals the
change in momentum of a system divided by
the time over which it changes. Using symbols,
this law is
 F net=delta momentum/delta time
 Where F net is the external force, delta
momentum is the change in momentum, and
delta time is the change in time.
Newton’s second law and linear
momentum (mathematical analysis)
Examples of Momentum
 A bullet, although small in mass, has a
large momentum because of an
extremely large velocity.
 A karate expert can generate through
enough speed with his fist that the
momentum can carry through several
bricks breaking them.
Examples of Momentum
 A 1000 kg car moving at 15m/s has a
momentum of 15,000 kg-m/s as a result
of multiplying the mass and the velocity.
 Two football players of equal mass are
travelling towards each, one is moving
at 5 m/s and the other at 8 m/s. The one
moving with the faster velocity has a
greater momentum and will knock the
other one backwards.
Law of Conservation of Momentum
 For an isolated system, the law of
conservation of momentum can be
stated as fellows:
 The total momentum of all objects
interacting with one another remains
constant regardless of the nature of the
forces between the objects.
Principle of conservation of momentum
doesn’t apply only to collisions
The law of conservation of momentum
 For a collision occurring between object
1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the
total momentum of the two objects
before the collision is equal to the total
momentum of the two objects after the
collision.
The law of conservation of momentum
 The momentum lost by object 1 is equal
to the momentum gained by object 2
 Total momentum of a collection of
objects (a system) is conserved
 The total amount of momentum is a
constant or unchanging value.
The Law of Action-Reaction
 A collision is an interaction between two
objects which have made contact
(usually) with each other.
 A collision results in a force being
applied to the two colliding objects.
 Such collisions are governed by
Newton’s laws of motion.
Newton’s third law of motion applied to
collisions between two objects
 In a collision between two objects, both
objects experience forces which are equal
in magnitude and opposite in direction.
 Such forces cause one object to speed up
(gain momentum) and the other object to
slow down (lose momentum).
 According to Newton’s third law, the forces
on the two objects are equal in magnitude.
Effects of collisions on acceleration
 While the forces are equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction, the
acceleration of the objects are not
necessarily equal in magnitude.
Examples of law of conservation of
momentum
 Conservation of momentum examples in
real life. Consider the example of an air-
filled balloon as described under the
third law of motion. In this case, the
balloon and the air inside it form a
system. Before releasing the balloon,
the system was at rest and hence the
initial momentum of the system was
zero.
Examples of law of conservation of
momentum
 A bullet of mass 20 g is fired from a gun
with a muzzle velocity of 100 m/s. The
mass of the gun is 5kg. Then the recoil
of the gun will be -0.4m/s. The negative
sign indicates that the gun recoils i.e
moves in the backward direction
opposite to the motion of the bullet with
a velocity of 4m/s.
Examples of law of conservation of
momentum
 Rockets and jet engines also work on
the same principles. In these machines,
hot gases produced by burning of fuel
rush out with large momentum. The
machines gain equal and opposite
momentum. This enables them to move
with very high velocities.