The Characteristics,

Processes, and
Ethics of Research
Lesson Objectives
 Defines a research.
 Describes the characteristics of a good
research.
 Identifythe processes of conducting a
research.
 Enumerate the ethics of conducting a research.
Research
 Defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena
which includes collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality. (Calmorin and Calmorin, 2007).
 Aims to give solution or improvement to an identified
problem in the context.
Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the

researcher.
Characteristics of Research

2. Logical.
Research is based
on valid procedures
and principles.
Characteristics of Research

3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it

starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
Characteristics of Research

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical

procedures in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive, and experimental and case study.
Characteristics of Research

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise

judgment.
Characteristics of Research

6. Methodical.
Research is conducted
in a methodical
manner without bias
using systematic
method and
procedures.
Characteristics of Research

7. Replicability.
The research
design and
procedures are
replicated or
repeated to enable
the researcher to
arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
Components of the
Research Process
The problem / objectives
• The first chapter of the research is entitled the
problem or the problem and its background its
purpose is to introduce the problem clarify important
variables and delimitation, and its significance to the
field study. It has the following essential elements.
• INTRODUCTION
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• NOTES IN CHAPTER I
THE RESEARCH TITLE
GENERALLY THE TITLE;
1.SHOULD SUMMARIZE THE MAIN IDEA OF THE
PAPER;
2.SHOULD BE A CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE
MAIN TOPIC;
3.MUST INCLUDE THE MAJOR VARIABLE/S.
4.SHOULD SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE
MAIN VARIABLES UNDER STUDY; AND
5.MUST BE SELF-EXPLANATORY.
REMINDERS:

1. IN FORMULATING THE TITLE THE

RESEARCHER SHOULD AVOID USING
WORDS THAT SERVE NO USEFUL
PURPOSES AND CAN MISLEAD INDEXERS.
WORDS SUCH AS METHODS, RESULTS,
AND INVESTIGATIONS APPEAR
REDUNDANT WHEN USED IN THESIS
TITLES
2. IN MANY CASES, THE GENERAL PROBLEM
OR EVEN THE SPECIFIC QUESTION THAT
THE RESEARCHER INTENDS TO ANSWER,
WHEN REWRITTEN IN A STATEMENT FORMS
CAN SERVE AS THE TITLE.

3.THE TITLE MUST HAVE WORDS NOT

MORE THAN 15
SAMPLE TITLE RESEARCH/ THESIS
1. TESTING THE EFFICIENCT MARKET HYPOTHESIS ON THE PHILIPPINE PESO-
DOLLAR RATES
2. THE IMPACT OF THE EUCHARISTIC CELEBRATION ON THE YOUTH OF
BARANGAY AMSIC ANGELES CITY 2001-2002
3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEARNING STYLES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT
4. EVALUATION OF THE SERVICES OF BANKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS
5. MANAGERIAL SKILLS AND DIFFICULTIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MANAGERS
6. PRINCIPAL’S LEADERSHIP CAPACITIES AS PERCEIVED BY TEACHERS
7. CORRELATES OF ENGLISH PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOL
8. EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION IN THE
AWARENESS OF BREAST FEEDING AMONG NURSING MOTHERS
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
 RESEARCHPROBLEMS ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN PLACES
WHERE THERE IS/ ARE
1. DISCOMFORT
2. PERCIEVEDDIFFICULTIES IN THE MANAGEMENT AND
LEADERSHIP SYTEM
3. GAP BETWEEN THE THEORY AND THE PRACTICE
4. DAILYEXPERIENCES OF A PERSON THAT REQUIRE FURTHER
INQUIRY ESPECIALLY IF IMPROVEMENTS ARE DESIRED; AND /
OR
5. APROCEDURE THAT REQUIRES TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
EQUIPMENT WHICH NEED TO FUNCTION PROPERLY.
 CONSIDERATIONS IN FORMULATING A RESEARCH
PROBLEM
A. EXTERNALCRITERIA
1. NOVELTY- IS THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE PROBLEM DUE TO ITS
“NEWNESS”
 IN THE FIELD OF INQUIRY.
2.AVAILABILITY OF SUBJECT- REFERS TO PEOPLE WITH DESIRED
CAPABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STUDY:THE
SAMPLE OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE ENOUGH TO
ENSURE RELIABLITY AND VALIDITY OF RESULT.
3.ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT- REFERS TO THE SPONSORSHIP BY A
DEPARTMENT OR THE INSTITUTION ITSELF IN THE GATHERING OF DATA
AND DEFRAYING THE COST OF THE STUDY.
AVAILABILITY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS-
 PROBLEM / OBJECTIVES
HYPOTHESES
THEORETICAL/ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
ASSUMPTIONS
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
RESEARCH DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION
DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS
Ethics in Research

Ethics generally is considered to deal

with beliefs about what is right or
wrong, proper or improper, good or
bad. According to a dictionary
definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be
ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Honesty

Strive for honesty in all scientific

communications. Honestly report data,
results, methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify,
or misrepresent data. Do not deceive
colleagues, research sponsors, or the
public.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data

analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or
minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose
personal or financial interests that may affect
research.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Integrity

Keep your promises and agreements; act with

sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully

and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of
research activities, such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence with
agencies or journals.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Openness

Share data, results, ideas, tools,

resources. Be open to criticism and new
ideas.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission.
Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Confidentiality

Protect confidential communications, such as

papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance just your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise
students. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Respect for colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat
them fairly.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or
mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or

students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or
other factors not related to scientific
competence and integrity.
Ethical considerations in conducting research

Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional

competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote
competence in science as a whole.
Legality

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional

and governmental policies.
Unethical practices in conducting research

1. Deceiving a respondent about the true

purpose of a study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him
or her extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional
turmoil by remaining him or her of an
unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
Unethical practices in conducting research

4. Studying the respondents or research

subjects without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part
of the facts, presenting facts out of context,
falsifying findings or offering misleading
presentation such as lying with statistics
Do your best to present yourself to God as
one approved, a worker who does not
need to be ashamed and who correctly
handles the word of truth.
1 Timothy 2:15