Chapter 5:

The Integumentary System

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The Integumentary System

 Skin
 Accessory structures of the skin
 Functions of the skin
 Aging and the integumentary system

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Skin

 Two functional layers

 ____ – outer layer consisting of a stratified
squamous epithelium waterproofed and hardened
by keratin
 ____ – dense connective tissue containing blood
vessels, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, and
hair follicles and associated structures

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Skin

 Two functional layers

 Epidermis – outer layer consisting of a stratified
squamous epithelium waterproofed and hardened
by keratin
 Dermis – dense connective tissue containing
blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat and oil
glands, and hair follicles and associated
structures

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Skin
 The skin and hairs and other structures such as nails constitute the
integumentary system.

 The principal parts of the skin are the superficial epidermis and deeper
dermis. The dermis overlies and attaches to the subcutaneous (subQ)
layer.

 Epidermal cells include keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells,

and Tactile cells. The epidermal layers, from deepest to most superficial,
are the stratum basale (undergoes cell division and produces all other
layers), stratum spinosum (provides strength and flexibility), stratum
granulosum (contains keratin and lamellar granules), stratum lucidum
(present only in palms and soles), and stratum corneum (sloughs off dead
skin).

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Skin
 The dermis consists of two regions. The superficial region is
areolar connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves,
hair follicles, dermal papillae, and corpuscles of touch
(Meissner corpuscles). The deeper region is dense, irregularly
arranged connective tissue containing adipose tissue, hair
follicles, nerves, oil glands, and sweat glands.

 Skin color is due to the pigments melanin, carotene, and

hemoglobin.

 In tattooing, a pigment is deposited with a needle in the

dermis. Body piercing is the insertion of jewelry through an
artificial opening.

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Skin

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Skin

 Layers of the epidermis

 Epidermal layers from deep to superficial
 Stratum basale
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
 Stratum corneum

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Skin

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Accessory Structures of the Skin
 Accessory structures of the skin develop from the epidermis of
an embryo and include hair, skin glands (sebaceous, sudoriferous,
and ceruminous), and nails.

 Hairs are threads of fused, dead keratinized cells that function in

protection. They consist of a shaft above the surface, a root that
penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous layer, and a hair follicle.

 Associated with hairs are bundles of smooth muscle called arrector

pili and sebaceous glands or oil glands. Sebaceous glands are
usually connected to hair follicles; they are absent in the palms and
soles. Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which moistens hairs
and waterproofs the skin.

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Accessory Structures of the Skin
 There are two types of sweat glands or sudoriferous glands: eccrine and
apocrine. Eccrine sweat glands have an extensive distribution; their ducts
terminate at pores at the surface of the epidermis, and their main function is
to help regulate body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are limited in
distribution, and their ducts open into hair follicles. They begin functioning at
puberty and are stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement.

 Ceruminous glands are modified sudoriferous glands that secrete

cerumen. They are found in the external auditory canal.

 Nails are hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells covering the terminal
portions of the fingers and toes. The principal parts of a nail are the nail
body, free edge, nail root, lunula, cuticle, and nail matrix. Cell division of
the matrix cells produces new nails.

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Accessory Structures of the Skin

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Accessory Structures of the Skin
 Glands – single or groups of epithelial cells that
secrete a substance
 The glands associated with the skin include sebaceous,
sudoriferous (sweat), and ceruminous glands
 Sebaceous glands – secrete an oily substance called
sebum that keeps hair from drying out, prevents
excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps
the skin soft, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria
 Eccrine sweat glands – most prevalent sweat glands
distributed throughout most of the body, especially in
the skin of the forehead, palms, and soles

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Accessory Structures of the Skin
 Apocrine sweat glands – found mainly in the
skin of the axilla (armpit), groin, areolae
(pigmented areas around the nipples) of the
breasts, and bearded regions of the face in
adult males
 Ceruminous glands – present in the outer ear
canal the combined secretion of the
ceruminous and sebaceous glands is a
yellowish secretion called cerumen or earwax

© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Accessory Structures of the Skin

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Functions of the Skin
 Skin functions include body temperature regulation, protection,
sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesis of vitamin
D.

 The skin participates in body temperature regulation by

liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood
in the dermis.

 The skin provides physical, chemical, and biological barriers

that help protect the body.

 Cutaneous sensations include tactile sensations, thermal

sensations, and pain.

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Anatomy Overview:

• The Integument and Disease Resistance

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Aging and the Integumentary System

 Most effects of aging occur when an

individual reaches the late forties.

 Among the effects of aging are wrinkling, loss

of subcutaneous fat, atrophy of sebaceous
glands, and decreases in the number of
melanocytes and Langerhans cells.

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Focus on Homeostasis

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Focus on Homeostasis

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Normal Mole and Malignant
Melanoma

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Burns

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Rule of Nines

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End of Chapter 5
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