Plane and Solid Geometry Lecture

The Building Blocks of
Geometry
Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

In order to avoid
circular definitions in
our study of Geometry,
we will leave 3 terms
undefined.

point:
Usually described as a dot

but actually has no size.
Named by a capital letter.
Note: When you see a capital letter

in a figure, it represents a point even
if the point is not drawn.

line:
A set of points that

continues on without end in
two opposite directions.
Named by a single lower
case letter ( line m or m )or
any two points on the line
( AB or BA ).

plane:
A set of points that extends
without end in 2 dimensions.
Named by a single capital letter
placed in a corner ( plane M or M )
or by 3 points that do not all lie
in the same line ( plane BCA )

Points are collinear if
they lie on the same
line.

In the description of a
plane, we talked about 3
points not on the same
line. Three points not on
the same line are called
noncollinear
___________.

ACTIVITY 1
1) Draw an example of four collinear points
2) Draw an example of four noncollinear points

Points are coplanar if
they lie on the same
plane.
Points are non-coplanar if

they do NOT lie on the same
plane.

ACTIVITY 2
1)Draw an example of four coplanar points.
2) Draw an example of four noncoplanar points.

Activity 3: Determine if the given set of points
are collinear, coplanar, both or neither.
1) B, D

2) E, F, A

3) B, C, D, E
4) E, F, G, A

Angles
Rays are important because they help us define
something very important in geometry…Angles!
An angle consists of two different rays that have the
same initial point. The rays are sides of the angles.
The initial point is called the vertex.
B Notation: We denote  an angle with

vertex
three points and < symbol. The
middle point is always the vertex.
sides
We can also name the angle with
A
just the vertex point. This angle can
C be denoted as:
BAC , CAB, or A

Classifying Angles
Angles are classified as acute, right, obtuse, and
straight, according to their measures. Angles have
measures greater than 0° and less or equal to 180°.
A A A A
Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Straight angle

0°< m  A < 90° m  A = 90° 90°< m  A < 180° m  A = 180°

Intersections of lines and planes
• Two or more geometric figures intersect if they

have one or more points in common.
• The intersection of the figures is the set of
points the figure has in common
Think! How do 2 lines intersect?

! How do 2 planes intersect?
What about a line and a plane?

Modeling Intersections
To think about the questions on the last slide lets look at the following…
Point E is
Two lines E the
intersect at a intersection
point, like here at of plane H
point A. and line EC
B A F
D
H C
G
Line BF is the intersection of the
planes G and H.

Just as undefined terms are
the starting point for the
vocabulary of geometry,
postulates are going to be
the starting point for the
rules of geometry. A
postulate or axiom is
a statement that is accepted
as true without proof.
Postulate 5: Through any
two points there is exactly
one line.
lines must be straight

Postulate 8: Through any
three noncollinear points
there is exactly one Plane.

Postulate 9: A plane
contains at least 3
noncollinear points.

Postulate 10: If two
points lie in a plane then
the line containing them
is in the plane.

Postulate 11: If two
planes intersect, then
their intersection is a line.

A line segment or segment
is part of a line that begins
at one point and ends at a
second. Segments are
named by their two
endpoints ( AB or BA ).

A ray is a part of a line that
begins at one point and
extends infinitely in one
direction. Rays are named by
their endpoint and another
point on the ray (________).
BA or BC

The intersection
(symbol: ______) of 
two (or more)
geometric figures is the
set of points that are in
both figures at the
same time.

Examples
A B C D
1. Ray AC  ray CA
2. Ray BD  ray CA
3. Segment AB  segment BC

The union (symbol:

______) of two (or
more) geometric
figures is the set of
points that are in one
figure or the other or
both.

Examples
A B C D
1. Line AB  ray BC
2. Line segment AB  line segment BC
3. Ray BD  ray CA

Activity 4: Determine the following
intersections and unions based on the
figure below.

Activity 5: Determine the following
intersections and unions based on
the figure below.

AR EA AND PER IMET E R
IN THE COORDINATE
PLANE

How much lawn feed
do I need?
How much edging
do I need to go around The gardener
the lawn?
needs to work
out the
perimeter and
the area of the
lawn

Starter: It’s a Match
Task: Match up the name to its shape. There may be more than one answer as well as some red
herrings!
Trapeziu
Triangle Square Rectangle Parallelogram
m
Extension: Choose a shape and describe its properties using the keywords vertices, faces and
edges, lines of symmetry, parallel, angles.

Starter: It’s a Match
Rectangle
Triangle
Trapezium
Square
Parallelogram

A square is a special kind of closed figure
with four straight sides and four right angles
that also has sides that all have equal
length. Therefore, we can conclude that: A
Square is a special kind of rectangle.
Every Square is a rectangle, but not every

rectangle is a square.

What Is Perimeter?
Pause for Thought
What is ‘perimeter’? The perimeter of a shape is the
Can you think of a definition? total distance around its edge.
To calculate the perimeter, Pause for Thought

How do we calculate perimeter?
we add up the lengths of all
of its sides.
When Will I Need Perimeter?
Pause for Thought
Can you think of any real-life Decorating houses
examples of when you might
need to calculate a perimeter?
Gardening
Building projects
Farming
Wrapping presents
Fencing off an area

Calculating Perimeter
Calculate the perimeter of this square.
5cm
5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20cm
or
5 × 4 = 20cm
Too easy? Try this!

Calculate the perimeter of a square where one side is equal to 4 + 2 × 2cm.
4+2×2=8
8+8+8+8
or
8 × 4 = 32cm

Calculate the perimeter of this rectangle.
10cm
10 + 4 + 10 + 4 = 28cm
4cm or
(10 + 4) × 2 = 28cm
Too easy? Try this!

Calculate the perimeter of a rectangle where the width is 5cm and the length
is 0.2m. Give your answer in centimetres.
0.2m = 20cm
(20 + 5) × 2 = 50cm

Calculate the perimeter of this triangle.
8cm
4cm 10 + 8 + 4 = 22cm
10cm
Too easy? Try this!

Calculate the perimeter of an equilateral triangle, which has a side length of
6cm.
6 × 3 = 18cm

Calculate the perimeter of this parallelogram.
11cm
11 + 7 + 11 + 7 = 36cm
7cm or
(11 + 7) × 2 = 36cm
Too easy? Try this!

Calculate the perimeter of a parallelogram where the width is 0.15m and the
length is 20cm. Give your answer in centimetres.
0.15m = 15cm
(20 +15) × 2 = 70cm

Calculate the perimeter of this trapezium.
6cm
7cm 7cm 12 + 7 + 6 + 7 = 32cm
12cm
Too easy? Try this!

Calculate the perimeter of a trapezium which has the measurements of 10cm, 8cm, 0.12m and
70mm. Give your answer in centimetres.
0.12m = 12cm
70mm = 7cm
10 + 8 + 12 + 7 = 37cm

What is the total perimeter for the following shape?
3cm
4cm
9cm
Pause for Thought
What information is missing? 10cm
6cm
12cm
12 + 10 + 3 + 4 + 9 + 6 = 44cm

The perimeter of a shape is the total length of its sides
length
Perimeter of a rectangle
= length + width width
width
+ length + width
5m length
lawn 3m Perimeter of this lawn

= 5 + 3 + 5 + 3 = 16 m
Think about
Is there another way to find the perimeter?

AREA
Area measures the surface of something
1 metre
1 cm 1 mm
1 metre 1 m2 1 cm 1 cm 2

1 mm 1 mm2
1 square metre

AREA OF A RECTANGULAR LAWN
5 metres long
3 metres wide
The area is 15 square metres = 15 m2
Area of a rectangle = length × width

Area of rectangle = length × width
65 m
Area of field = 65 × 32
field 32 m
= 2080 m2
21 cm
Area of the page = 30 × 21

page 30 cm
= 630 cm2

To find the perimeter of this L-shaped room
Think about
3m What else is needed?
1.5 m
4.5 m 2.2 m
3m Perimeter
3 + 1.5 + 2.2 + 3
+ 5.2 + 4.5 = 19.4 m
5.2 m

To find the area of this L-shaped room
Think about
3m How can we do this?
1.5 m
4.5 m A 2.2 m
Area of A = 4.5 × 3
3m = 13.5 m2
B
Area of B = 3 × 2.2
5.2 m = 6.6 m2
Total area = 13.5 + 6.6 = 20.1 m2

Another way
3m
A 1.5 m Area of A = 3 × 1.5

4.5 m 2.2 m = 4.5 m2
B 3m
Area of B = 5.2 × 3
= 15.6 m2
5.2 m
Total area = 4.5 + 15.6 = 20.1 m2

Yet another way!

3m
1.5 m Area of
large rectangle = 5.2 × 4.5
4.5 m 2.2 m
= 23.4 m2
3m
Area of
small rectangle = 2.2 × 1.5
5.2 m = 3.3 m2
Think about
Total area = 23.4 − 3.3 = 20.1 m2 Which way was best?

THE AREA ADDITION POSTULATE
The area addition postulate:
The area of a region is the sum of the areas
of its nonoverlapping parts.
1 4 For example, a unit square has an area

1 2 of 1. A rectangle with side lengths 2 and
Area = 1 4 is eight unit squares placed next to
Area = 8
each other. It has an area of 8.
The area of a shape on a coordinate

Area = 7 grid can be found by counting the grid
squares in the shape or approximating
it with regular shapes and using the
Area ≈ 27.5 area formulas.

Answer pages
14 – 19
35 – 40
Due date: June 9, 2021

PRACTICE

What You Will Learn Next
Volume
Surface Area
9.4-54 Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Volume
Volume is the measure of the capacity of a
three-dimensional figure.
It is the amount of material you can put
inside a three-dimensional figure.
Surface area is sum of the areas of the
surfaces of a three-dimensional figure.
It refers to the total area that is on the
outside surface of the figure.
Volume
Solid geometry is the study of 3D
solid figures, also called space
figures.
Volumes of 3D figures are measured in
cubic units such as cubic feet or cubic
meters.
Surface areas of 3D figures are
measured in square units such as
square feet or square meters.
Volume Formulas
Figure Formula Diagram
Rectangular V = lwh h
Solid l w
Cube V = s3 s
s
Cylinder V = πr2h r
h
Cone V  31  r 2 h h
Sphere V  r 4 3 r

Surface Area Formulas
Figure Formula Diagram
SA=2lw + 2wh +2lh
Rectangular Solid h
l w
Cube SA= 6s2 s

s s
Cylinder SA = 2πrh + 2πr2 r h
Cone
r
2 2 2 h
SA   r  r r h
Sphere SA  4 r 2 r

Example 1: Volume and Surface Area
Determine the volume and surface
area of the following threedimensional
figure.
Solution
3
V  lwh  11  3  6  198 ft
SA  2lw  2wh  2lh
 2 11  3  2  3  6  2 11  6
2
 66  36  132  234 ft
Determine the volume and surface area of
the following threedimensional figure. When
appropriate,
use the π key on your
calculator and round
your answer to the
nearest hundredths.

Solution
V  r h   4 8
2 2
 128
3
 402.12 m
SA  2 rh  2 r 2
 2  4  8  2  42
 64  32  96  301.59 m2

the following threedimensional figure. When
appropriate,
your answer to the
nearest hundredths.

Solution
1 2 1
V  r h   3 8
2
3 3
 24
3
 75.40 m
SA   r   r r  h
2 2 2
  3   3 3  8
2 2 2
 9  3 73  108.80 m 2

the following three-dimensional figure. When
appropriate,
your answer to the
nearest hundredths.

Solution
4 3 4
V  r   9 3
3 3
 972
3
 3053.63 cm
SA  4 r 2
 4    9  4    81
2
 324  1017.88 cm 2

Polyhedra
A polyhedron is a closed surface formed
by the union of polygonal regions.

Euler’s Polyhedron Formula
Number number number

of – of + of = 2
vertices edges faces

Platonic Solid
A platonic solid, also known as a
regular polyhedron, is a polyhedron
whose faces are all regular polygons of
the same size and shape.
There are exactly five platonic solids.
Tetrahedron: Cube: Octahedron: Dodecahedron: Icosahedron:

4 faces, 6 faces, 8 faces, 12 faces, 20 faces,
4 vertices, 6 edges 8 vertices, 12 edges 6 vertices, 12 edges 20 vertices, 30 edges 12 vertices, 30 edges

Prism
A prism is a special type of polyhedron
whose bases are congruent polygons
and whose sides are parallelograms.
These parallelogram regions are called
the lateral faces of the prism.
If all the lateral faces are rectangles,
the prism is said to be a right prism.

Prism
The prisms illustrated are all right
prisms.
When we use the word prism in this
book, we are referring to a right prism.

Volume of a Prism
V = Bh,
where B is the area of the base and h

is the height.

Example 6: Volume of a
Hexagonal Prism Fish Tank
Frank Nicolzaao’s fish
tank is in the shape of a
hexagonal prism. Use
the dimensions shown in
the figure and the fact
that 1 gal = 231 in3 to
a) determine the
volume of the fish tank
in cubic inches.
Solution
Area of hexagonal base:
two identical trapezoids
1

Atrap  h b1  b2
2

1 2
Atrap  (8)(16  8)  96 in
2
Areabase = 2(96) = 192 in2
Solution
Volume of fish tank:
V  Bh
 192  24
3
 4608 in

b) determine the volume
of the fish tank in
gallons (round your
answer to the nearest
gallon).
Solution
4608
V   19.95 gal
231
Pyramid
A pyramid is a polyhedron with one
base, all of whose faces intersect at a
common vertex.

Volume of a Pyramid
1
V  Bh
3
where B is the area of the base and h
is the height.

Example 8: Volume of a Pyramid
Determine the volume of the pyramid.
Solution
Area of base = s2 = 22
= 4 m2
The volume is 4 m3.
1 1
V  Bh   4  3
3 3
3
4m

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The Building Blocks of

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Usually described as a dot

Note: When you see a capital letter

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

A set of points that

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

2) Draw an example of four noncollinear points

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Points are non-coplanar if

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

1)Draw an example of four coplanar points.

2) Draw an example of four noncoplanar points.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

B Notation: We denote  an angle with

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Straight angle

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

• Two or more geometric figures intersect if they

Think! How do 2 lines intersect?

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

lines must be straight

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

2. Line segment AB  line segment BC

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Every Square is a rectangle, but not every

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

To calculate the perimeter, Pause for Thought

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Too easy? Try this!

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Too easy? Try this!

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Too easy? Try this!

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Too easy? Try this!

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

7cm 7cm 12 + 7 + 6 + 7 = 32cm

Too easy? Try this!

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

Copyright 2013, 2010, 2007, Pearson, Education, Inc.

lawn 3m Perimeter of this lawn