Advanced Communication Solutions: CDM-625 Satellite Modem Training Manual

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
The Most Bandwidth Efficient Communication Ever !
CDM-625 Satellite Modem

Training Manual
Copyright 2008, Not to be copied in any form without permission of Comtech/EF Data 1
CDM-625 Training Outline
• Standard Features
• Optional Features
• CDM-625 Product Family
• Installation and Interfacing
• Design Overview
 Block Diagrams
 Front Panel Display
 Operation Configuration
 Open Network features
 Closed Network features
 Performance measurement
• CDM-625 Modem Switch Redundancy Systems

 CRS-300
 CRS-170A
In The Beginning
The world liked to communicate, but the world got
What is a satellite modem?
Answer:
MODEM = (MOdulator + DEModulator)
Why do our customers use satellite modems?

Answer:
To provide digital data communication over
large areas and to remote areas.
Data
Data 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
Clock Clock
Basic view of satellite communication

Modems have two fundamental interfaces Data and IF. Our modems provide
conversion of digital data to IF, and IF conversion to digital data. This conversion
involves using state-of-the-art interfaces and Forward Error Correction designs which
will save on the long term expenses during the life time operations of the satellite link.
Satellite Coverage
Arthur C. Clark, Wireless World, Oct 1945, “Electronic “Reflector”
A system of 3 Repeater satellites equally spaced in geosynchronous

orbit 36,000km above the Earth would give complete communication
coverage of the Earth by radio relay.
Satellite Coverage
• SATELLITE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
There are 4 types of satellite network topologies:
1. Point to Point - Point to Point is simple enough to understand, as this was the original network
topology employed. This was also deployed in multi-hop configurations of point-point type to give
distance expansion to more remote areas.
2. Star - Star network configurations came into use with the growth of user distribution networks and
broadcasting systems. Within a star topology, all communications are between the hub and its
remote sites. Traffic maybe Tx only from the hub or duplex. If remote-to-remote data transfer is
needed, data must first go from a remote to the hub and outward again to the other remote site.
3. Partial Mesh (Hybrid) - The partial mesh topology, which is also called a hybrid topology, allows
certain remotes (called gateway remotes) to intercommunicate along with the hub, eliminating the
need for every remote to do a double satellite hops.
4. Full Mesh - A full mesh network removes the double hop requirements and allows each remote to
communicate directly with any other remote over a single satellite hop. Full utilization of the mesh
requires a quantity of receivers at each remote site equal to the total number of remote sites.
Designed with
Outside of
the Box
thinking
This modem platform can support a future

generation of features yet to be designed .
Inside the Super Modem

» A modem platform designed to support multiple satellite communication tasks with a
wide range of interface types.
» IP Network data traffic and management capabilities
» A modem with State-of-the-art Forward Error Correction (Turbo & LDPC)
» A modem with State-of-the-art satellite bandwidth reduction ( Carrier-n-Carrier TM

)
» Built-in redundancy capability (1:1 with CRS-170A / 180 IF Switch)
CDM-625 Data Interface types
• RS-422 or V.35 (EIA-530 25-pin)

• Serial LVDS (at rates up to 25 Mbps)
• HSSI (at rates up to 25 Mbps)
• G.703 T1/E1, T2/E2 on balanced and unbalanced ports

• Quad E1 on balanced interface ports
• ASI (DVB, 188 Frame mode) at data rates up to 25 Mbps
• Four-port Ethernet 10/100 BaseT
• ESC (RS-232/485) Selectable
• Open Network (IDR / IBS) ESC and Alarms
* HSSI -- High Speed Serial Interface

* LVDS -- Low Voltage Differential Signal
* ASI -- Asynchronous Serial Interface
CDM-625 Standard Product Features
• IF (50-180 MHz)
• 18kbps – 5Mbps Data Rate
• Viterbi Codec
• Reed-Solomon Codec
• BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK
• Asymmetric Loop Timing
• EDMAC, EDMAC-2, EDMAC-3 (M&C + AUPC)
• ESC++ (ESC via RS-232/485 + AUPC)
• AUPC (Automatic Up-Link Pwr control)
• FSK Communication to ODU
• Serial M&C remote port (RS-232/485)
• Ethernet M&C remote port (HTML, SNMP, Telnet)
• Fault / AGC / Monitor port
• 255 Stored Event entries
• 255 Stored Link Statistical entries
• 10 programmable Configuration memories
Modem I.F. Bands
• 70MHz (50 MHz - 180 MHz)
• L-Band (950 MHz – 2150 MHz) - [ Optional upgrade ]
• Why are there two bands?
1. 70/140 MHz IF [ Legacy - Been around for a long time ]

(-) RF conversion to Satellite more expensive -- requires 1 unit per transponder
(+) Cabling and switching less problematic and lower cost when dealing with large
installations and long runs within Earth stations
2. L-Band IF [ Gaining larger share of system integrations ]

(+) The L-Band market has benefited from DTH economy of scale
(+) Demodulator VLSI chipsets  low cost L-band receivers (IRDs)
(+) Lower cost Up conversion with BUC’s  low cost VSAT terminals at remote end
CDM-625 Optional Feature Upgrades
-- FAST Options are available for after delivery upgrades. Option upgrades are
made via Front Panel with a unique FAST Code entry. FAST Codes are
obtained by purchase arrangements with your sales representative.
Modes Cost Features

IDR and IBS $ Open Network (IESS-308, 309, 310, 314) Framed overhead ESC & Alarm features
D&I $ Drop & Insert (T1 or E1) IESS-308-5
D&I++ Free with D&I Mode= D&I, 1 up to 31ch + EDMAC
D&I with ESC++ Free with D&I (Mode=D&I, E1-CCS, 1 up to 24Ch + High Rate ESC=On + AUPC)
Quad-E1 D&I $ Drop-Insert & Unframed with variable muxed content up to 4 full E1’s
Audio $ 2Ch audio Ch ADPCM (at 64kbps) + IBS or EDMAC frame mode selectable
Modulation Cost Features

8-PSK and 8-QAM $ 8-QAM & 8-PSK requires Turbo / LDPC / or TCM + Reed-Solomon
16-QAM $ 16-QAM requires Turbo / LDPC / or TCM + Reed-Solomon
L-Band IF Cost Features

950 – 1950 MHz $ Can be use in split operation with either TX /or/ RX in the 70-140 MHz band
FAST Upgrade Functions
Select CONFIG to enter FAST Options or use the Demo mode
FAST: Set 1: Config View
ENT Set 2: Config View Set 3 Config View
FAST Configuration:
Edit Code Demo Mode
FAST Demo Mode: Off On

591,000 Seconds remaining
Demo mode runs for 14 days. The timer can be stopped and restarted.
After the 14 days total has expired there is no further time available.
FAST Upgrade Functions
The FAST CODE will be sent by E-mail or Fax after

contacting Sales Representative to arrange order.
Edit 20 digit FAST Code:

00000000000000000000 (ENT)
Example: Increase Data Rate to 25Mbps ---- (FAST Option)
FAST Options are built into every unit and can be activated at some future time by the customer.
Power Supply options are installed during factory assembly and require some consideration in
the ordering process for the intended application. The Turbo Codec board can be easily added
at some future time by the customer if required.
CDM-625 Modem Assemblies
Modem Assembly and Description
• PL/12587-1 Modem Chassis – AC Power Supply

• PL/12587-2 Modem Chassis – DC power Supply
• PL/12575-1 Modem and RF Card
• PL/11963-1 Baseband Framing Card
• PL/12875-1 Carrier-in-Carrier® (card Option)

• PL/12874-1 LDPC and Turbo Codec (card Option)
• PL-0000264 VersaFEC® (card Option)
• PL/xxxxx BUC Power Supply, 24V (module Option)
• PL/xxxxx BUC Power Supply, 48V (module Option)
Available Features
CDM-625 vs. CDM-Qx
CDM-625 CDM-Qx
Carrier-n-Carrier Carrier-n-Carrier
Quad E1– Drop & Insert (+EDMAC) Quad E1– Drop & Insert (+EDMAC)
IP-SubMux
EDMAC, EDMAC-2, EDMAC-3 EDMAC, EDMAC-2
D&I, D&I++, ESC++, IDR, IBS D&I++
422, V.35, G.703, HSSI, LVDS, ASI, IP 232, 422, V.35, G.703, HSSI
Versa FEC
Turbo, LDCP, Viterbi, Seq., R-S Turbo, Viterbi, R-S
Maximum Data Rate 25 Mbps Maximum Data Rate 20 Mbps
70-180MHz (and) L-Band 70-180MHz (or) L-Band
LNB, BUC P/S, BUC FSK, Transceiver FSK LNB, BUC P/S, BUC FSK only
Single Modem per Chassis Dual Modems per Chassis
1:1 Control built in (requires IF switch box) Basic 1:1 Functionality Built-In
CDM-625 Comtech Network Modes
• CnC (Carrier in Carrier)

• VersaFEC – ACM
• IP SubMux
• D&I++ (D&I with EDMAC)
• D&I with ESC++
• QDI (Quad Drop & Insert)
• Framed QDI (QDI with EDMAC)
• EDMAC
• EDMAC-2
• EDMAC-3
• ESC++
• 2-Ch Audio
Link Configuration with Carrier-n-Carrier
CDM-625 with Carrier-n-Carrier

(Optional feature)
CDM-625 with (CnC) Compatible Family
CDM-625
Carrier and Carrier allows both of the Uplinks and
CDM-625 of course Downlinks to be on the same frequency.
CLO-10 CDM-QX
CLO-10
Possible CnC
combinations
CDM-600 CLO-10
CDM-600 / 600L
Compatible operation is possible for a CDM-625 with Carrier-n-Carrier

to “Legacy modems” equipped with a CLO-10 (External IF cancellation).
Typical Global Beam Footprint
Station A
Station B
CnC is used in point-point links only. For earth stations to use CnC the
stations must be located a common coverage area. Most earth stations
operate in this window and of course that is why CnC is need in most cases.
• CDM-625 is installed just as any other modem

• The CnC mode can be used with any network mode
• No limitation on the Symbol Rate ratio Satellite
• Only limitation is combined Power Ratio
HPA System
MCL 650-Watt TWTA 1:2 System
Hub or VSAT
TWTA Controller
Antenna System
Primary H-Pole
UpConverter
Me nu Ku Band Tx H-Pole
Backup
Miteq Power RF On Tx Freq. MHz Status
LO M on. IF M on. R F Mon.
C-B and Up Convert er

Ext. Re f.
Remot e
LO Fault
SIG Fault
Gain
LCD Display
Input A tten. Ente r

Ku Band
Primary V-Pole
IF or L- Band Tx
2
IF or L- Band Rx
1:2 LNA System
LNA Controller
Primary H-Pole
DownConverter
Menu
Ku Band Rx
Backup
Mi teq P ower RF On Tx Freq . MHz S tatus
LO Mon . IF Mon. RF Mo n.
E xt. Ref. L O Fault

LCD Display
Rem ote S IG Faul t
C-Ban d Up Co nverter
Ga in Input Atten. Enter
Primary V-Pole
The Min/Max (10 – 290mS) Factory default

CnC Search Delay (range 0-330mS)
For testing CnC mode back-to-back in a lab set
MIN = 000 mS. This is required for local testing Min = 010 Max = 2 9 0 (Enter)
to have carrier acquisition.
Frequency Offset range is adjustable to meet the

CnC Frequency Offset: (range 1-143kHz)
requirements of the RF system’s total stability.
+/-030 kHz (<>^)
Change the CnC Mode from Off to On when all

CnC Mode: Off ( Off, On )
link parameters have been setup.
The (Monitor /CnC) menu shows the details of

CnC – Params: Unavailable
the CnC status.
as Unlocked
CnC – Params: Freq-offset=+000.0kHz

Ratio : +01 dB Delay= 000.0mS
Note about Scrambler setting with Carrier-n-Carrier.

It can be recommended that the user select IESS-315 for use on CnC links.
Tx Scrambler = IESS (Normal, IESS, Off )

IESS-315 V.35 Scrambler
Scrambler is (Normal or Framed) as the Factory default.
Operating with CnC + Turbo FEC, forces IESS-315 (Fixed Only) default scrambler.
Operating with CnC / LDPC the scrambler defaults to Normal. However, without random
data activity the acquisition time can be longer, and for EDMAC operation Frame lock error
may result. In this case the operator can set the Scrambler to IESS-315 mode.
* Descrambler (Normal or Frame) should be set to the matching IESS-315 mode as

required.
• Both stations are first tested for proper RF loop-back operation as normally required.
1. The TX IF power levels are adjusted so the downlinks are within the required limits.
2. Frequency of Modem 2 is then set to be on the same frequency setting of Modem 1.
3. The CnC Search will begin as soon as the CnC mode is set to ON.
4. Both modems set to CnC = On will now search and lock the opposite station signal.
5. The CnC power ratio and frequency offset can be viewed in the CnC Monitor menu.
CnC Delay Window

270
mS Min = 260 Max = 280 (Enter)
Rou
nd-
trip
dela
y
230mS Round-trip delay

Min = 220 Max = 240 (Enter)
Set delay values to window the monitored value
The modems will have the best acquisition ability when

the delay values bracket the real return time delay.
CnC Operating Parameter Guidelines
CnC Parameter Variables
When the CnC ratio increases, the level of the interferer carrier is rising relative to the desired carrier and the
amount of Eb/No degradation grows. As the CnC ratio decreases, the desired carrier dominates and the
degradation becomes practically nonexistent.
• Tx IF power display is dBm Power, regardless of symbol rate.
• RSL power display is dBm Power, regardless of symbol rate.
Tx level of Red modem was increased 6 dB

1. RSL power at B modem goes up 6dB
2. RSL power at A modem stays same
1.RSL power at A & B modem -32dBm 3. CnC Ratio at A shows +6dB
2.CnC Ratio at A & B 0dB 4. CnC Ratio at B shows -6dB
Analyzer spectrum marker

shows 3dB delta B to A.
Data Rate of Red modem was increased by 2x, Tx power not changed.
C 1. RSL power at both A & B -32dBm

2. CnC Ratio at A & B 0dB
3. Ratio of PSD ~ 3dB
Link Configuration with VersaFEC
CDM-625 with VersaFEC

(Optional feature)
Cods
ModCods
Shannon limits
by Modulation
The IP interface as IP Network Bridge
• In a large network it would be preferred to

• The IP port can be assigned an IP address for direct only the required traffic to the modem
the remote M&C by Telnet or HTTP and also port by way of a router, and block multicast
FTP update of the modem’s Flash memory. traffic.
• It is not necessary for the IP address to be in • Learn mode allows the module to only send
the traffic network; it always acts as a bridge. traffic to unknown MACs over the link
thereby helping to optimize bandwidth usage.
10/100BaseT
Traffic + M&C
172.17.10.10/24 172.17.10.20/24
Router Gateway
The 4-port 10/100BaseT serves as an Ethernet bridge to a remote LAN over satellite.
Outbound Return
Router with Dual WAN ports
Router with Dual WAN ports
The IP Interface Operation
IP Design:
The IP interface board is a true Layer-2 bridge device. This means that both the IP datagram and
the Layer-2 Ethernet header are transmitted over the satellite link. This interface board uses
standard HDLC encoding/framing to encapsulate each packet. This process adds overhead (non
customer data) to each transmitted packet as defined below:
deterministic overhead bytes:
- Add 1 byte HDLC start Flag (0x47) to the start of each packet
- Append 2 bytes CRC Checksum to the end of each packet
- non-deterministic overhead 'bits':
The HDLC encoder performs 'zero insertion' whenever five consecutive '1‘ are found in the data
stream. Therefore, the number of additional '0' bits added to the packet is solely based upon the
data content of the packet.
In a case where some percentage of pings are dropped it can be an indication that the
'burstiness' of the input data rate may have exceeded the Ethernet buffer capacity… vs. the
satellite data rate.
Minimum Overhead: This would occur if the entire data stream never contain more than 4 consecutive '1‘s.
1091 bytes/packet + 1 HDLC Flag Byte + 2 CRC bytes = 1094 bytes / 1091 bytes = 0.27%
This may occasionally occur for actual Ethernet data, that would be the best possible case.
Maximum Overhead:
Zero-insertion calculation; 8730 bits * 0.20 = 1746 bits (218.25 bytes)
1091 bytes/packet + 1 HDLC Flag Byte + 2 CRC bytes + 218.25 bytes = 1312.25 bytes / 1091 bytes = 20.27%
This would occur if the entire data stream was all '1' (i.e. 0xFF)
This obviously can not occur for actual Ethernet data, but it indicates the worst possible case.
In a real world case the average effective overhead rate is around 8.38%
This result is very reasonable based on the minimum and maximum calculations above. Also, from the
data we can see that when a link is NOT data saturated (over driven) the round trip ping times are around
236mSec x 2. In a case where some pings are dropped or delayed it may indicate that the Ethernet buffer
has momentarily filled due to traffic “burstiness”. At the modems maximum data rate of 25Mbps the upper
data bandwidth would be about 22Mbps (UDP traffic only), with the data-bandwidth product included the
maximum upper data rate would be around 10.85Mbps with TCP traffic content.
Ethernet Port Configuration
IP Config:
Addresses SNMP Switch-setup (<>)
Ethernet Switch: Mode WAN PerPortCnfg

MAC-Learning VLAN QOS Stats (<>)
• Mode = Managed Switch Mode (This is the only mode until the Router module is available.)
• WAN = WAN Buffer Size [20 – 400mS] Set small as possible. Bursty traffic requires larger values.
Large values have effect of reducing IP traffic through-put.
• Per Port Config = Auto/Manual speed setting for each port. (Auto, 100M Full/Half, 10M Full/Half)
• MAC Learning = Global setting for all ports. (On = traffic between local MAC’s not forward on link)
(Off= everything goes over the link)
VLAN Port Configuration

MAC-Learning VLAN QOS Stats (<>)
VLAN: Disabled (Dis, Ena) mgmt-VLAN=0001

NativeMode VLAN-Table (<>)
• VLAN = Global to all ports [Enabled/Disabled] If this is confusing you, then we will stop right here.
• Mgmt-VLAN = Valid address range 1- 4094 (If VLAN Enabled then the management traffic to the
Modem must have same VLAN tag ID; otherwise no access to modem possible.
• NativeMode = Each port can be set VLAN Native [enable] = Access, or [disable] = Trunk
• PVID = [1-4094] When VLAN Native enabled, packets into the port get tagged with the PVID#
• VLAN Table = Each port can be set (if) [Native enabled] “Filtered” = packet blocked if not matching ID
“Untagged” = remove the ID tag bits
(if) [Native Disable] “Filtered” = packet blocked if not matching ID
“Tagged” = forward packets with ID tag bits
VLAN table applies to packets coming from Sat-to-Ethernet.
VLAN Port Configuration
VLAN Priority Table for QOS
Priority Traffic Type
MAC-Learning VLAN QOS Stats (<>) 1 Background
2 Spare
0 Best Effort
QoS=VLAN&Port (Off, VLAN, Port, VLAN&Port) 3 Excellent Effort

4 Controlled Load
Port Priority: P1:1 P2:1 P3:1 P4:1 (<>) 5 Video
VLAN-Table (<>) 6 Voice

7 Network Control
• QOS = Modes are available for Normal Switch or VLAN modes. [Off / VLAN / Port Only / VLAN & Port ]
OFF = Global, No Priority for any packets (Obvious)
(VLAN On) VLAN = Global, Bandwidth priority given per contents of the VLAN bits in the TOS frame
(VLAN Off) Port Only = Bandwidth priority given per Port buffer fill status (4=Highest, 3, 2, 1= Lowest)
(VLAN On) VLAN & Port = Packets with VLAN tag get priority as assigned, packets without get remainder per load..
The IP Traffic Statistics Page
Comtech EF Data Network features:
D&I++ D&I with ESC++ Framed QDI 2 Ch Audio
Data G.703 or any of the G.703 or any of the
Quad E1 port Audio Port
Interfaces 25-Pin Interface selection 25-Pin Interface selection
Remote
M&C port Serial / Telnet ESC Async 232/485 M&C port Serial / Telnet M&C port Serial / Telnet
M&C
Overhead % Data Rate + 2.2% Data rate + 6.7% Data rate + 2.07% EDMAC 5% or IBS 6.7%
Features [EDMAC] Generic M&C to remote [EDMAC] [EDMAC]
Point-Point M&C to equipment via Async RS- Point-Point M&C to Point-Point M&C to
remote modem with 232 / 485 channel; remote modem with remote modem with
CDM-Commands Maximum Baud rate CDM-Commands CDM-Commands
+ based on Date rate + +
AUPC (Automatic Uplink + AUPC (Automatic Uplink AUPC (Automatic Uplink
Power Control) AUPC (Automatic Uplink Power Control) Power Control)
Power Control)
[IBS]
Backward Rx alarm
The D&I special modes are available when the D&I or QDI Options installed.
D&I D&I 1 – 30 Ch 1,920 kbps Overhead 6.7%
D&I++ 1 – 31 Ch 1,984 kbps Overhead 2.2%

w/ ESC 1 – 24 Ch 1,536 kbps Overhead 6.7%
QDI QDI 1 – 4 ports 1Ch – (4xE1) Overhead 0.4%

FrmQDI 1 – 4 ports 1Ch – (4xE1) Overhead 2.07%
Comtech EF Data Network features:
EDMAC EDMAC-2 EDMAC-3 ESC++
Data
Any Any Any Any
Interfaces
Remote
M&C port Serial / Telnet M&C port Serial / Telnet Serial / Telnet / Ethernet ESC Async 232/485
M&C
Data rate + 5% or 1.6% Data rate + 1.6% at all Data rate + 5% or 1.6% Data Rate + 11.8% to
Overhead %
(>2048kb/s) Data rates (>2048kb/s) 1.6% ( % less at higher)
Features Point-Point M&C to Point-Point M&C to Point-Point M&C to Generic M&C to remote
remote modem with remote modem with remote modem with equipment via Async RS-
CDM-Commands CDM-Commands CDM-Commands 232 / 485 channel;
+ + + Maximum Baud rate
AUPC (Automatic Uplink AUPC (Automatic Uplink AUPC (Automatic Uplink based on Date rate
Power Control) Power Control) Power Control) +
+ AUPC (Automatic Uplink
Remote modem status Power Control)
streams to master site;
available via SNMP
w/Remote MIB set
EDMAC EDMAC Data Rate x 5% >2,048 kbps (DR x 1.6%)
EDMAC-2 Data Rata x 1.6%
EDMAC-3 Data Rate x 5% >2,048 kbps (DR x 1.6%)
ESC++ Variable Data Rates Overhead 11.8% to 1.6%
What is EDMAC ?
» Embedded Distant-end Monitor And Control (Comtech EF Data feature)
» Uses proprietary framed mode of operation - adds 5% overhead on data rates

up to 2,048kbps, or 1.6% overhead for data rates beyond 2,048 kbps.
» Provides transparent data path for Comtech M&C protocol between local and
distant-end modems.
» Adds robust error-checking protocol to prevent execution of corrupted M&C

messages over the satellite link.
» EDMAC and FSK data link allows communications with Comtech Transceivers
at Local & Distant sites. No additional external cabling required.
» EDMAC communicates Eb/No status between Local & Distant sites for support
of the AUPC function. AUPC is also a (standard feature)
EDMAC Monitor
EDMAC and Control
(Master/Slave)
» EDMAC is a built-in M&C channel with protective error checking used for CEFD
commands to remote ComtechEFData equipment.
» EDMAC is a standard feature in almost all ComtechEFData Modems
» EDMAC provides end-to-end Automatic Uplink Power Control
Customer data
No Overhead
Send / Rcv.
Customer data only on satellite link
Modem
Customer data CDM-625 EDMAC Mode

Modem
Send / Rcv.
Mux / Demux Data and M&C muxed onto satellite link

(AUPC also available)
RS-232
Or
RS-485
Basic EDMAC network system
EDMAC channel is used for M&C of any combination of CDM-570, CDM-625, CDM-550.
NOTE: EDMAC supports only point to point M&C arrangements.
Network Data +
EDMAC comm
Network Data +
EDMAC comm
BUC
FSK is BUC Option
LNA LNB
CSAT
CDM-625
The modem’s EDAMC feature can be used for monitor

or control of the local Modem & ODU and also the
distant Modem & ODU via the satellite link.
Remote NMS
CDM-625 Control
Port
RS-485 or
RS-232
ESC++
What is ESC++ ?
ESC++ (Asynchronous serial M&C Channel + AUPC )
• ESC++ mode provides the following features:
– Asynchronous RS-232 /485 terminal port to communicate with remote site equipment
over the satellite link
– Can be used for point to point M&C, or star network M&C
– Any command format can go through this M&C channel to the customer’s equipment
– Flexable addressing schemes can be used for network arrangement
– AUPC function with bi-directional Eb/No monitor, same as EDMAC mode
– Note: There is no error detection (see EDMAC features), so M&C is subject to link BER conditions.
ESC++
ESC++ (RS-232 Overhead channel)
No Overhead
Customer data
Send / Rcv.
Customer data only on the satellite link
Modem
 Use of this remote interface mode requires simple cable

connected from rear panel of modem to the external equipment.
Customer data CDM-625

Modem ESC++ Overhead
Send / Rcv.
Mux / Demux (AUPC feature is also available)
Overhead
Port
RS-232 RS-232
Or Or
RS-485 RS-485
Asynchronous RS232/485 Overhead Channel
CDM-625 ESC modes:

ESC DATA COMMUNICATION
RS-232 / 485
• ESC++
• D&I with ESC++
• Hi-Rate IBS
• Single equipment can be monitored at a remote sites via the ECS with RS232.
• Multiple equipment can be monitored at a remote sites via the ECS with
RS485.
The ESC baud rate has a selectable (min – max) based on % of the primary traffic
data rates selected. The ESC menu selection is provided to select RS-232 or RS-
485 and the data channel format 8-None-1 / 7-even-2 / etc...
AUPC Operation Features
S1 S2
Operation without AUPC

Hub Remote
Daily operating level required for
11dB Eb/No fade margin, no AUPC
7dB Eb/No Minimum Eb/No level required to

maintain BER 10-8
S1 S2 S1 S2
Without AUPC all stations must be set to operated at the RF power levels that
provide the extra margin needed to maintain data BER as required for the
network traffic during bad weather conditions. For example operation at 11dB
Eb/No at all stations will provide for a margin level of 4dB over possible fades
during any 24hrs/day for C-Band and 8dB extra for Ku-Band.
Without AUPC Operation
S1 S2
Hub Remote
Daily operating level required for fade
11dB Eb/No margin, no AUPC
7dB Eb/No Minimum Eb/No level required to

maintain BER 10-8
S1 S2 S1 S2
In this case weather conditions at the S2 station area has caused the signal
condition to degrade to 7dB Eb/No level. This is the minimum allowable for
maintaining operation at BER 10-8.
Link (with) AUPC Operation
S1 S2
Operation with AUPC

Hub Remote
11dB Eb/No Daily operating level, no AUPC

8dB Eb/No
7dB Eb/No
Minimum Eb/No level for BER 10-8
S1 S2 S1 S2
In this case the stations are maintaining operation at BER 10-9, 8dB Eb/No,
saving 10 Watts per channel. Also in this case the Original system design
is still in place at all stations, which has SSPA systems and dish sizes able
to supply RF power levels needed to achieve 11dB Eb/No during fade
conditions.
Link (with) AUPC Operation
S1 S2
Operation with AUPC

Hub Remote
11dB Eb/No Daily operating level, no AUPC

8dB Eb/No
7dB Eb/No
Minimum Eb/No level for BER 10-8
S1 S2 S1 S2
In this case the AUPC feature has increased the TX IF signal levels as
required for the S1 to S2 link to maintain 8dB Eb/No with fade condition.
The stations are maintaining operation at BER 10-9, 8dB Eb/No, using the
additional RF power wattage available on the channels.
Open Network Configurations
Open Network Configurations
Still available, but rarely used in new installations.
Open Network features for IDR, IBS, D&I
IDR IBS Drop and Insert
IESS-308 IESS-309 IESS-309
Data Rate G.703, T1 or E1 G.703, RS-422, V.35 G.703, T1, E1, or
& Interface Multiples of 64K Fractional D&I
Usage Digital Voice Digital Data Digital Voice
Overhead Data rate + 96K Data rate x 16/15 Same as IBS
Data (1) 64k data or Engineering service Same as IBS
Content (2) 32k audio Chn. channel RS-232
+ Async. data at 1/2000
8K data channel or
+ Sync. Data at 1/480
4 Backward Alarms of the Terr data rate.
Backwards 4 backward alarm One backward alarm Same as IBS

alarms outputs and inputs Internal to the
Hardwired by the modems
user
Scrambling V.35 self Synchronous Same as IBS
synchronizing Doesn’t multiply
(self starting) errors
3 errors/1 err bit
Clear sky 1 x 10 –7 1 x 10 -8
BER-C/No
Mode Configurations
Configure
IBS
MODE: Tx= RS422 : IBS Rx= RS422 : IBS
(None IBS IDR D&Is EDMACs ESC++)
IBS interface circuits and operation modes are set by the

modem processor to provide the Open Network ENTER
overhead signaling features that are required.
IBS Interface Diagram
ALARM
MONITOR
ALARM BW ALARM
MONITOR FRAMING/TIMING INTERFACE MODEM
LOGIC (MUX) LOOPBACK
MODULATOR
RS-232
ES TO ES ASYNC
INTERFACE TX DEJITTER These interface circuits are used
when the Open Network, overhead
signaling features are required.
BASEBAND
G.703 T1/E1 INTERFACE
LOOPBACK
CLK
OCTET RS-422 INTERFACE
DATA
CLK
V.35 INTERFACE
DATA
TX TERRESTRIAL CLOCK
EXTERNAL CLOCK
CLOCK SYNTH.
INTERNAL CLOCK
IBS Interface Diagram
ALARM
MONITOR
FORM-C
PRIMARY
MODEM INTERFACE
LOOPBACK ALARMS FORM-C
DEMODULATOR PRIMARY
DESCRAMBLER
BW
ALARMS
DEFRAME/TIMING
LOGIC (DEMUX) RS-232
ES TO ES ASYNC
INTERFACE
These interface circuits are used
when the Open Network, overhead
PLESIOCH. INTF.
signaling features are required. BUFFER LPBK
T1/E1 INTERFACE G.703
CLK
RS-422 INTERFACE OCTET
DATA
CLK
V.35 INTERFACE
DATA
SATELLITE CLOCK
EXTERNAL REFERENCE CLOCK CLOCK SYNTH.

INTERNAL CLOCK
TRANSMIT TERRESTRIAL CLOCK
Drop & Insert Configurations
Step 1 New firmware version allows

Mode: Tx= G703B: Drop Rx= G703B: Insert V.35, 422, 232, LVDS used with
MODE (None IBS IDR D&Is EDMACs ESC++) Drop & Insert
Step 2
Drop - Type= E1 - CCS Chan / TS Loop=N (Y/N)
D&I
Insert- Type= E1 - CCS Chan / TS
Step 3 Transmit Data Rate = 00512.000 kbps

Use
TX/RX Notice data rate step size
is now 64kbps channel!
Select frame format based on Data Rate and Line Rate:

T1-D4 = Standard Frame 1536 @ 1,544 kbps Channel group size:
1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,16,20,24
T1-ESF = Extended Super Frame 1536 @ 1,544 kbps
E1-CCS = Common Channel Signaling 1920 @ 2,048 kbps Channel group size:
E1-CAS = Channel Associated Signaling 1920 @ 2,048 kbps 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,16,20,24,30
CDM-625 Compatible Family
A Legacy of Great Modems L-Band Terminals for Ku & C-Band

C-Band
Ku-Band
CDM-600
up to 20Mbps
8-PSK, 8-
8-QAM, & 16-
16-QAM
Open Networks
IDR, IBS, D&I
Closed Networks
EDMAC, ESC++, D&I++
CDM-600L
L-Band version of
CDM-
CDM-600
CDM-550 SDM-300L
Turbo to 2.048Mbps Turbo to 5Mbps ODPA-40W
Open Network Ku-Band BUC
General Purpose
CDM-570L
Turbo to 5Mbps
8-PSK, 8-
8-QAM, & 16-
16-QAM
G.703 & EIA-
EIA-530
© Copyright Comtech EF Data 13 © Copyright Comtech EF Data 14
Standard modes of operation are possible with the existing product line of Comtech EF Data modems.
Notes
CDM-625 Monitor & Control
• Remote M&C Modes
• Front Panel LED and Display

• Front Panel Entry Buttons
Front Panel LED Indicators
Unit Status
No Faults
No Unit Faults, Yes Traffic Fault
Unit Fault, equipment failure
Unit Status
Tx Traffic
OFF = Tx Data AIS, or No Clock Input, or Tx Carrier is “Off”
ON = No Faults and Tx Carrier is On.
Unit Status
Tx Traffic
Rx Traffic
OFF = Rx Traffic AIS, or AGC Level. Demod may be Locked OK
ON = No Faults, and Demod is Locked
Unit Status
Tx Traffic
Rx Traffic
On-Line
Off Line
Indication of 1:1 or 1:N system status
On Line
Unit Status Stored Event Stored fault Events

Tx Traffic
Rx Traffic No Stored Events
On-Line
Unit Status Stored Event Local Control

Tx Traffic Remote Remote Control
Rx Traffic
On-Line
= Blinking
ODU Comm Problem
Or ODU Fault
Unit Status Stored Event • EDMAC Idle “or”

Tx Traffic
• EDMAC Master “or”
Remote
• Transparent Mode
Rx Traffic EDMAC
On-Line
EDMAC Slave
Unit Status Stored Event

Tx Traffic Remote
Rx Traffic EDMAC
On-Line Test Mode Test Mode Off
Test Mode Active
Front Panel Configuration Entry
Press Enter or Clear to bring up Select Menu
SELECT: Configuration Test Monitor

Info Store/Load Utility ODU FAST
ENTER
Use Arrow Keys to select Menu Items
Press
Remote M&C Web Browser Interface (GUI)
The CDM-625 operating system includes a Web

Browser display mode. By setting the modem
remote mode to Ethernet and entering the IP
address of the modem on the address line of the
Web Browser the user has various access levels
determined by the User name and Password.
User: comtech
Pass: comtech
Web-browser M&C
Admin and Op-center level login allows
setting the modem configuration. If the User
logs in at the Monitor level then the
configuration is locked and only viewing the
configuration and status details is allowed.
Telnet M&C Interface
Open the Windows DOS Command screen and type the Telnet command
followed by the IP address of the selected modem. The command
interface is provided using the same line commands as the serial RS-232
port uses.
Telnet M&C with Hyperterminal
There is a disadvantage when using the Windows DOS
prompt for Telnet, in that, it does not display long history of
replies from the modem.
For example, <0/FRW? Is a multi-line reply, but the DOS

window will show only a single line over-written by the
previous lines. The recommendation is to use
HyperTerminal as the Telnet communication screen.
1. In the HyperTerminal (Properties) select Connect using TCP/IP

2. ASCII setup, as shown
CDM-625 Design Features
• Data Connections
• Fault & Alarm Connections
• Monitor & Control Connections
• IF Connections
Rear Panel Connections
External RS-232/485
Timebase Dual Audio Ethernet
Traffic and
Quad E1 Modem L-Band TX
70/140 RX M&C
Alarms
70/140 TX
L-Band RX
Power Entry
and Switch
M&C IDR Overhead
RS232/485 Data and Alarms
CnC
Reference
Traffic Data 1:1 Switch
1:N Mode G.703(U) ASI(DVB) Interface
LED
Traffic Data
Traffic Data G.703(Balanced)
RS-422 V.35
LVDS HSSI
ODU control via FSK channel
FSK Remote ODU comm feature:

The CDM-Modem equipment and the Comtech
Transceivers have an FSK communication channel built
into the Receive IF path. The RX IF cable that provides
the Satellite down-link signals, also provides the Modem
to ODU control signal path.
The modem’s ODU Menu provides full monitor and

control of the transceiver’s configuration.
The ODU Menu also provides monitor and control of

the 1:1 Redundant Transceiver system.
ODU Mounting and Interface
LNB
TRF
R X L -b a n d
C a b le
U pper
B ra ck et
BUC
Low er “L”
B ra ck et
T X L -b a n d 1. L-Band RX IF
C a b le 2. 10MHz Ref.
3. DC Voltage
1. L-Band TX IF
2. 10MHz Ref. CDM-625 Modem provides all of these
3. DC Voltage signals and ODU power via the TX and RX IF
4. FSK (BUC Option) ports.
Data Interface Connections
Pin Generic Signal description Direction EIA-422/ V.35 EIA-232 Circuit

EIA 530 No
1 Shield - Shield FG AN 101
2 Transmit Data A DTE to Modem SD A SD A BA 103
3 Receive Data A Modem to DTE RD A RD A BB 104
7 Signal Ground - SG SG AB 102
8 Receiver Ready A Modem to DTE RR A RLSD * CF 109
9 Receive Clock B Modem to DTE RT B SCR B - 115
10 Receiver Ready B Modem to DTE RR B - - 109
11 Transmit Clock B DTE to Modem TT B SCTE B - 113
12 Internal Transmit Clock B Modem to DTE ST B SCT B - 114
14 Transmit Data B DTE to Modem SD B SD B - 103
15 Internal Transmit Clock A Modem to DTE ST A SCT A DB 114
16 Receive Data B Modem to DTE RD B RD B - 104
17 Receive Clock A Modem to DTE RT A SCR A DD 115
24 Transmit Clock A DTE to Modem TT A SCTE A DA 113
NOTES:
 Receiver ready is an EIA-232-level control signal on a V.35 interface
 DO NOT CONNECT SIGNALS TO PINS WHICH ARE NOT SHOWN - these pins are reserved for
use by the redundancy system
 ‘B’ signal lines are not used for EIA-232 applications
 For X.21 operation, use the EIA-422 pins, but ignore Receive Clock if the Modem is DTE, and ignore
Transmit clocks if the Modem is DCE
Note - The 25-pin interface has 2 configurations [Normal and 1:N] modes.
1:N Mode Normal Mode
This table shows the 25-pin data I/O port

when it is configured to EIA-530 interface
port, and when set for the redundancy
switching option.
This interface configuration is selected in the

Misc items menu.
20
DTR
23
DTR
Interface board PL/9076
BASEBAND
FRAMING
INT CLK CARD
DDS
MUX
TX G703 T1/E1
DEFRAMER AND To
INTERFACE Modulator
TX FRAMING
(IBS, IDR, D&I
TX Data
Data Input/Output to user network
TX AUDIO INTERFACE OR EDMAC) TX REED-

SOLOMON
RS-422, V.35 OR
WITH
SCRAMB-
LER
TX Clock
IBS OR
RS-232 EDMAC
INTERFACE SCRAM-
BLER
ENC CLK
LVDS DDS
INTERFACE
TX LINE
G703 T2/E2 DECODING
INTERFACE
MICROPROCESSOR
OVERHEAD & PROCESSOR FPGA
INTERFACES
INS CLK
RX LINE
RX DE-FRAMING
(IBS, IDR, D&I OR
DDS To
RX AUDIO INTERFACE
ENCODING EDMAC) Demodulator
RX REED-
SOLOMON
RX G703 T1/E1 BUFFER IBS OR EDMAC
WITH DE-
SCRAMB-
RX Data
DEFRAMER AND DESCRAMBLER LER
INTERFACE
INSERT
RX Clock
DEMUX
INS CLK BUFFER CLK
DDS DDS
RS-422 (DCE) Interface Circuits
RS-422 Signal Levels
5 Volt Send Data A Internal Signal Levels
0 Volt Z = 150 5 Volt
5 Volt 0 Volt
Send Data 0 Volt Send Data B
RS-422 Receiver
5 Volt Terr Timing A
0 Volt 5 Volt
5 Volt 0 Volt
Send Timing 0 Volt Terr Timing B
SCT A
SCT B
Serial Clock Timing
RS-422 Driver
Recv Data A
Recv Data B
Receive Data
Recv Time A
Recv Time B
Receive Timing
Recv Ready A
Receiver Ready
Recv Ready B
Receive Ready
RS-422 Cable Length vs. Data Rate
V.35 Interface Circuits
V.35 Signal Levels
+/- 20% V.35 DATA Receiver
Send Data 0.55 Volt Send Data A
0 Volt 5 Volt
Possible .6v Offset Z = 100
0.55 Volt 0 Volt
Send Data B
0 Volt
V.35 DATA Receiver
0.55 Volt Terr Timing A
Send Timing 0 Volt 5 Volt
0 Volt
0. 55 Volt Terr Timing B
0 Volt
SCT A
SCT B
Serial Clock Timing V.35 Driver
Recv Data A
Recv Data B
Receive Data
Recv Time A
Recv Time B
Receive Timing
+9 Volts RR
RR +3 Volts 5 Volt
min. 0 Volt
V.35 CONTROL Receiver Ready
-3 Volts
-9 Volts
Interface Circuits
LVDS Signal Levels
LVDS Receiver
1.43 Volt
Send Data A
1.07 Volt 5 Volt
Z = 120
1.43 Volt 0 Volt
Send Data 1.07 Volt Send Data B
LVDS Receiver
1.43 Volt Terr Timing A
1.07 Volt 5 Volt
1.43 Volt 0 Volt
Send Timing 1.07 Volt Terr Timing B
HSSI Connections
HSSI on SCCI connector with ECL voltages
M&C Remote Control Connections
Pin Description 9pin Male
1 Ground
2 EIA-232 Transmit Data (Out)
3 EIA-232 Receive Data (In)
4 Reserved - do not use this pin
5 Ground
6 EIA-485 Receive Data B (In)
7 EIA-485 Receive Data A (In)
8 EIA-485 Transmit Data B (Out)
9 EIA-485 Transmit Data A (Out)
RS-485 interface is required for multiple modems tied

to common remote M&C buss.
ESC++ Data Port RS-232 or RS-485
External Reference port supports input of 10, 5, 2, or 1MHz Ref.

Port can operate as 10MHz source (Internal + Output 10MHz)
ASI Data Connections
• ASI mode supports only DVB 188 Framed mode at this release.
Sync Byte | Data content of 187 bytes (Total frame 188 bytes)
47 hex MPEG or Other Data packets
ASI Interface Circuits
Receiver
ASI Signal Levels
Recovered Data
5 Volt
Nominal De-Frame 0 Volt
Unbalanced Signal
800mVpp
Z = 75
+/- 10%
Recovered Clock
BNC Connector 5 Volt
0 Volt
ASI Interface supports:

Data Rate 1 to 25 Mbits/s
188 Frame mode (Null packets sent when data source not connected.)
Maximum cable maybe up to 100 Meters
G.703 Data Connections
• G.703 Un-balanced ports supports T1 / E1 / T2 / E2 (Unframed)

• Optional feature is (Drop & Insert) for T1/E1 networks
D&I at E1 is typically on Unbalanced G.703

D&I at T1 is typically on Balanced G.703
G.703 Interface Circuits
G.703 Receiver
G.703 Signal Levels
G.703 Recovered Data
Send Data 3 V peak Tx Data Tip 5 Volt
AMI
to peak Z = 300 B8ZS 0 Volt
3 V peak HDB3
to peak Tx Data Ring
Balanced Signal
G.703 Recovered Clock
5 Volt
0 Volt
269 ns
(2 4 4 + 2 5 )
20%
10% 10%
V = 100%
194 ns
(2 4 4 – 5 0 )
20%
N o m in a l p u ls e
Unbalanced Signal
Nominal
50%
4.74Vpp
+/- 10% 244 ns
Z = 75
BNC Connector 219 ns

(2 4 4 – 2 5 )
10% 10%
10% 10%
0%
20%
488 ns
(2 4 4 + 2 4 4 )
N o te – V c o rre s p o n d s to th e n o m in a l p e a k v a lu e . T 1 8 1 8 8 4 0 -9 2
F I G U R E 1 5 /G .7 0 3
M a s k o f th e p u ls e a t th e 2 0 4 8 k b it/s in te r fa c e
G.703 Interface Circuits
G.703 Receiver
G.703 Signal Levels
G.703 Recovered Data
Send Data 3 V peak Tx Data Tip 5 Volt
AMI
to peak Z = 300 B8ZS 0 Volt
3 V peak HDB3
to peak Tx Data Ring
Balanced Signal
G.703 Recovered Clock
5 Volt
0 Volt
269 ns
(2 4 4 + 2 5 )
20%
10% 10%
V = 100%
194 ns
(2 4 4 – 5 0 )
20%
N o m in a l p u ls e
Unbalanced Signal
Nominal
50%
4.74Vpp
+/- 10% 244 ns
Z = 75
BNC Connector 219 ns

(2 4 4 – 2 5 )
10% 10%
10% 10%
0%
20%
488 ns
(2 4 4 + 2 4 4 )
N o te – V c o rre s p o n d s to th e n o m in a l p e a k v a lu e . T 1 8 1 8 8 4 0 -9 2
F I G U R E 1 5 /G .7 0 3
M a s k o f th e p u ls e a t th e 2 0 4 8 k b it/s in te r fa c e
Standard -&- Quad E1 (Balanced G.703)
The Balanced G.703 port supports T1 & E1,

either unframed or Drop & Insert .
Quad E1 Interface (Full E1 -or- Drop & Insert)
Any combination of Full-E1 and D&I is possible.
With all combinations, addition of EDMAC is

possible by choosing (FrmQDI) mode.
95
Quad E1 Cable Adapters
CDM-Qx Quad E1 Clocking
All 4 Data Ports require common synchronize

Shown here, the signals being applied to ports 1, 2, & 4
Data are synchronized from a common time-base. The signal
systems on port 3 is not synchronized with the other signals.
Tx data signals into QDI of Qx In this example, two possible conditions can exist.
1 C 1) The QDI Interface has captured the signal timing from
D port 1, or 2, or 4. The data signal on port 3 will be
2 M transmitted and received with errors at the distant end.
6 2) The QDI Interface has captured the signal timing from

3 port 3, and the data signals on ports 1, 2, & 4 will be
2 transmitted and received with errors at the distant end.
5
4
The QDI Interface will capture and remain using the
first applied data signal as the clocking reference.
Master clock needs to be
Clock applied to #3.
#3 can not be used if not
synchronized to 1, 2, & 4.
CDM-Qx QDI Synchronization
PSTN HUB Transmit Traffic 

Network Receive Traffic 
CDM-625
1 QDI module can not operate with
Tx Timing non-synchronized data sources...
2 Terr
-----------
3 Buffer =
RxSat
4
Async Network
not Sync to PSTN
Clock Set RxBuff clock = Tx
PSTN HUB Transmit Traffic 
Network Receive Traffic 
CDM-625
1
Tx Timing
2 Terr
Clock -----------
3 Buffer =
Do this mode if possible. Terr
4 Size = 10mS
Async Network now

Set these interface to loop- Synchronized to 1, 2.
back mode so RT becomes the
ref. 98
CDM-Qx QDI Synchronization (with) Master / Slave
For synchronization the G.703 Tx clock is selected as the Rx Buffer clock this in turn can
reference the other units to the primary network clocking via RT recovery.
(Requires the secondary units have the possibility to do loop-timing from Receive data).
Enable and connect Ch1 first,

then the remainder.
HUB Remote
PSTN HUB Transmit Traffic  PSTN
Network Receive Traffic  Network
CDM-625 CDM-625
1 1
Tx Timing Tx Timing
2 Terr Terr 2
Clock ----------- -----------
Buffer = Buffer = 3
3 Terr RxSat
2nd
4 4
Network
Secondary Network
Set these interface to loop-back mode Set these interface to loop-back

so RT becomes the Tx ref. mode so RT becomes the Tx ref.
99
Provides Ethernet bridge over satellite.
Modem Fault Relays
Pin Description 15pin Male

1 Ground
2 Receive AGC voltage
14 TX NO 3 Receive Q sample (for constellation display)
4 Unit Fault Relay - Common
7 TX COM
FAULT or 5 Unit Fault Relay - Normally Open
6 TX NC NO POWER 6 Transmit Traffic Relay - Normally Closed
7 Receive Traffic Relay - Common
8 Receive Traffic Relay - Normally Open
9 External Carrier Off input
14 TX NO 10 ---- No Connection ----
OK
11 Receive I sample (for constellation display)
7 TX COM
12 Unit Fault Relay - Normally Closed
6 TX NC 13 Transmit Traffic Relay - Common
14 Transmit Traffic Relay - Normally Open
15 Receive Traffic Relay - Normally Closed
Normally Open – going closed is the NON-FAULTED state
CDM-625 Design Overview
Block Diagrams
Basic Block Diagram
This is what we are changing with the front panel buttons.
Symbol
Data Rate
Rate
Network MODULATOR
Reed Solomon ENCODING TX IF
Overhead
TPC • 21/ BPSK

Interface
 IDR N / K
LDPC 44
/IBS • 225/205
VIT • QPSK
 D&I • 219/201  8PSK
SEQ 1/2
 Quad • 220/200 TCM  16QAM
D&I •
EDMAC/2/3
3/4
Network
Overhead
Reed Solomon DECODING DEMODULATOR RX IF
•
2/3
• 7/8
 Network Overhead features (Optional)
FireberdTM  High Order Modulation features (Optional)
BERT
Reed-Solomon Values
Open Network Reed-Solomon parameters

REED SOLOMON Parameters
OVERHEAD DATA TYPE CONFIGURATION N K T I RSF
IESS-308 Compliant IDR, T1 225 205 10 4 1.1
IESS-308 Compliant IDR, E1 219 201 9 4 1.09
IESS-308 Compliant IDR, T2 194 178 8 4 1.09
IESS-308 Compliant IDR, E2 194 178 8 4 1.09
IESS-309 Compliant IBS 126 112 7 4 1.12
IESS-310 / 314 Compliant IDR / IBS with (8PSK 2/3) 219 201 9 8 1.09
Closed Network Reed-Solomon parameters

MODE N K I RSF
Viterbi + Reed-Solomon NONE (TRANSPARENT) 220 200 4 1.1
CDM-500 CDM-550
CDM-600 FRAMED (EDMAC/AUPC) 200 180 4 1.1
Sequential + Reed-Solomon
NONE (TRANSPARENT) 220 200 8 1.1
CDM-500 CDM-550
CDM-600 FRAMED (EDMAC/AUPC) 200 180 8 1.1
EF Data Compatible Mode 225 205 4 1.1
Configuring the Data Rate and SubMux
Data Rate x Ratio

QPSK 1/2 = 2,333.333 ksps
1,050 kbps Ethernet Port Adds Symbol
9% to 11% Rate
Reed - Scrambler FEC Encoder
Data Rate Primary Data Port Sub - Mux Solomon Diff. Encode Modulation
1,000kbps 25pin/QDI/G.703
ESC/M&C
Overhead % Composite & Reed Solomon (200/180)
2,100 kbps * 1.11 = 2,333.333 kbps
Overhead %
0.4% to 11%
Depending on Overhead % is added to
type selected the combined data rate.
EDMAC = 5% SubMux = On
Primary (1,000 kbps + 5%) + (@ Ratio [1/1] IP data + 5%) = Composite = 2,100.000 kbps
1,000 kbps + 50 kbps(OH) + 1,050 kbps = Composite = 2,100.000 kbps
-or- 2,000 kbps * 1.05 = Composite = 2,100.000 kbps
Configuring the Modulator
Available Ratios
You may notice the (see: Viterbi QPSK ½)

Composite = Symbol Rate
How can the SubMux not be using any data
bits for the framing?
Well the mux does require some frame bits,
and that is borrowed from the IP Data rate.
So, the IP Data rate displayed is actually a
very small % lessthan the displayed value.
Basic Modem Blocks
Satellite MODEM Forward Error Correction

• VITERBI
• SEQUENTIAL
• TURBO
TX Data PRODUCT
Reed Solomon Scrambler Diff. Encoder Encoder Modulator
Data Rate + Overhead Signaling Rate Symbol IF

RX Data
Rate
Reed Solomon De-Scrambler Diff. Decoder Decoder Demodulator
Scrambling: The encoder/decoder process requires a continuously variable data

transition pattern to maintain synchronization and spectral viability. The modem design
includes the types of scrambler and descrambler circuits specified for inter-operation of our
modem with other satellite modem equipment available in the market today.
Descrambler must of course match the scrambler.
Intelsat Self-Synchronous Scrambler
Adverse state detector

Outputs a “1” after counting 31 repeated Zeros
Reset
“1”
Shift Registers
RES RES RES RES RES RES RES

D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q
CK Q CK Q CK Q CK Q CK Q CK Q CK Q
1 2 3 4-8 9 10-19 20
Clock
Out Data/
Scrambled Data
Scrambler De-scrambler
Input Data/
Input Scrambled Data
• V.35 Self-synchronizing scrambler (IESS-308)

• Disadvantage- multiplies 1 input error into 3 output errors.
Forward Error Correction
• The space channel is NOISY, Power is limited, Space signal loss ~200dB
• What are the possible methods ?
• Need to communicate reliably and cost effectively !
1. Parity Detect
– Detect errors, re-transmit data if required
– High Noise requires to transmit multiple times = Inefficient
– Requires a return channel ( Note: this method is used in IP/TCP )
• What’s the FEC?
2. FEC (Forward Error Correction)

– Adds parity and structure to the Transmitted data
– Decoder can Detect and Correct errors at the receiver
– No return channel required (direct benefit to Broadcast systems)
– Greatly reduces required power (saves $$$ and time)
Forward Error Correction
• Convolutional Codes (Viterbi)
• (ACS) Add-Compare-Select Maximum Likelihood decoder
This is the standard FEC mode included with most modems.
• Reed-Solomon and various types of BCH codes (Block codes)

• Concatenation (added in series with Viterbi and LDPC)
Reed-Solomon is included as an optional feature in most modems.
More FEC
• Turbo Codes (Berrou et. al. 1993 "Near Shannon Limit error-correcting coding and
decoding: Turbo-codes")
• TPC-Turbo Product Codes (Block codes)

Product Codes (concatenated block codes), Elias (1954)
Iterative Decoding of Product Codes (Tanner, Lin and Costello, etc.)
All Turbo Codes rely on a Soft-Input-Soft-Output (SISO) decoder loop
• ECC/AHA-First TPC codec 1998
• First commercial satellite modem with TPC, 1999 CDM-550T
• LDPC Low Density Parity Codes (Gallagher, 1962)
Encoder + QPSK Modulator Block Diagram
• This encoder function is specified by Intelsat as shown in the IESS-309/308 spec.
• Convolutional Code, Rate 1/2 “mother of all codes” I
• Can puncture ½ rate code for other code rates (3/4, 7/8, 17/18)
• Need to do Data Clock rate exchange based on the code rate selected;
this is the one factor of the final Symbol rate.
Q
∿
900
PHASE
SHIFT
Convolutional Viterbi
∿
∿
90o
Encoder, K=7
⊗
0 1 0,1 1,1
180o 0o
I Channel
FILTER
0,0 1,0
270o
∑ OUTPUT
Q Channel
FILTER ⊗
Two possible states (0/1) into QPSK Modulator 0 1
CDM-625 Optional Features
» Turbo/LDPC Module has several FAST Options

• LDPC / Turbo Codec, Data Rates available in 5Mbps steps up to 25Mbps
• (QPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM)
• FEC 21/44, 3/4, 7/8, .95
• LDPC at FEC rates of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4
• Forward Error Coding is utilized to reduce the signal power requirements of the link. The
FEC coding gain (increase of BER performance vs. Eb/No) is realized by the insertion of
additional bits into the information stream which increases the probability of demodulating
and correcting the data information. The coding gain is equal to the difference between the
Eb/No required for a certain BER performance without FEC to the Eb/No required for
operation with FEC. The Eb/No to BER curves presented on the graphs in the owner’s
manual show the relationship of Eb/No to BER values for the various FEC and modulation
configurations. For example TPC (Turbo) provides around 3dB coding gain over Viterbi.
Turbo + QPSK Modulator
900
PHASE
Turbo Encoder replaces SHIFT
Convolutional Encoder
∿
∿
90o
1 0 0,1 1,1
I
I Channel 180o 0o
Tx FILTER 00, 1800 ‘A’ PHASES
Data TPC 0,0 1,0
Encoder 270o
OUTPUT
Q
Q Channel 900, 2700 ‘B’ PHASES
FILTER
TPC 1/2 Rate is actually 21/44 1 0
Two possible states per channel into

the modulator creates basic QPSK.
2D Turbo Product Code Example
D D D D Ex Ex Ex Ex
 (8,4) x (8,4) Code
D D D D Ex Ex Ex Ex
 Code is systematic
 D represents input data D D D D Ex Ex Ex Ex
 E represents ECC bits D D D D Ex Ex Ex Ex
Ey Ey Ey Ey Exy Exy Exy Exy

 3D codes follow the same Ey Ey Ey Ey Exy Exy Exy Exy
concept, but in three
dimensions Ey Ey Ey Ey Exy Exy Exy Exy
Ey Ey Ey Ey Exy Exy Exy Exy
LDPC & BCH Encoding
BCH (Bose, Ray-Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem) coding is use to enhance the effect of LDPC operation by
operating as an outer-coding process similar the operation of Reed-Solomon with Viterbi. Although the
mathematical complexity of BCH codes is a bit too much to include here, an FPGA can provide for the
construction of a BCH codec. Utilizing the matrix array process of BCH, which is a sub-set of Hamming
codes, it is possible to correct additional errors per block relative to a basic decoder. The BCH decoding
process can be hard-wired as a feedback shift register which does not require large memory to run the
algorithm. This is especially advantageous for communications applications where the additional
memory needs to be kept at a minimum. (Reference: BCH Codes, Rob Rostermundt, Date: March 30, 2002)
LDPC (low-density parity-check code) -- LDPC was the first code to allow data transmission close to
the theoretical maximum, the Shannon Limit. Impractical to implement when developed in 1963, LDPC
was mostly forgotten. The next 30 or so years of coding failed to produce anything as effective, and
LDPC remains, in theory, one of the most effective developed to date. The explosive growth in
information technology has produced a corresponding increase of commercial interest in the development
of highly efficient data transmission codes. Although implementation of LDPC codes has lagged that of
other codes, notably the Turbo code, the absence of encumbering patents has made LDPC attractive, and
LDPC codes have become a standard as the data correction method used in today’s growing satellite
market. In 2003 an LDPC code beat six turbo codes to become the new standard for DVB-S2 in the
satellite transmission of digital television.
LDPC with QPSK Modulator Block Diagram
90o
900
Selected LDPC Code Rate includes PHASE 0,1 1,1
the overhead of the BCH encoder SHIFT
180o 0o
bits and alignment.
∿
∿ 0 1
0,0 1,0
I Channel 270o
FILTER
Tx 00, 1800 ‘A’ PHASES
Data BCH +
LDPC
Encoder OUTPUT
Q Channel 900, 2700 ‘B’ PHASES

FILTER
0 1
LDPC 1/2 Rate is actually,

BCH block + some x/y LDPC = (as the final result) 1/2 Rate FEC
FEC Performance Comparison
FEC & Modulation- Spectral Efficiency vs. Eb/No at BER = 10-7
Modulation Factor Same Data Rate Lower Bandwidth
Modulation factor = “m”
QPSK 8PSK 16QAM

m = 2bits/Hz m = 3bits/Hz m=4
5 Watt carrier: 5 Watt carrier: 5 Watt carrier:
5 Watts = 2.5W per bit 5 Watts = 1.67W per bit 5 Watts = 1.25W per bit
2 bits/Hz 3 bits/Hz 4 bits/Hz
8-QAM Modulation
8-QAM 16-QAM
Effect of Modulation & FEC
Relative Bandwidth For Various Modulation & Coding Types
16QAM 7/8
16QAM 3/4
8PSK 5/6
8PSK 2/3
QPSK 7/8
QPSK 1/2 = 100% QPSK 3/4
QPSK 1/2
-110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Relative Bandwidth (%) - For Same Data Rate
Modulator Pulse Shaping
• Spectral Confinement important to channel separation

• Mask compliance to specification (example: Intelsat-308/309)
Pulse Shaped
(Raised Cosine)
Unfiltered
Comparison of Raised Cosine pulse shaping and unshaped data spectrum
Symbol Rate Calculations
BI-PHASE QUADRATURE-PHASE EIGHT-PHASE
SHIFT KEYING SHIFT KEYING SHIFT KEYING
A BPSK, 2048Kbit, 1/2 A QPSK, 2048Kbit, 1/2 A 8PSK, 2048Kbit, 2/3

code rate will have a code rate will have a code rate will have a
symbol rate of 4096Kbits symbol rate of 2048Kbits symbol rate of 1024Kbits
Determine the Data Rate to Symbol Rate equivalence

SR  Symbol Rate ( essentially equates to the 3dB signal Bandwidth )
DR  Data Rate (Primary channel rate)
OH  Overhead Data (data framed onto the primary, IDR = 96kb, IBS or D&I = DR x 1/15 (OH)
FEC  Forward Error Correction, 5/16 21/44 1/2 3/4 5/6 7/8 .95 (FEC coding factor)
M  Modulation factor i.e. Spectral efficiency: BPSK (1), QPSK (2), 8PSK (3), 16QAM (4) (Bits/Hz)
RSF  Reed Solomon Factor (N / K) Factor ~10% if used.
DR (+OH) Example: ¾ rate QPSK

x (RSF) = SR (No Overhead, No Reed-Solomon)
FEC x M
1544kb/S = 1029.333ks/Sec
3/4 x 2
Satellite Channel Spacing
• The IESS specifications define the standard filer at α = 0.35 (35% roll-off)
Symbol Rate (SR) = (-3dB BW points of the Tx signal spectrum)

Occupied Bandwidth = (-10dB BW point of the Tx signal) = SR x 1.19
Total Roll-off point = (-40dB BW point of the Tx signal) = SR x 1.35
Standard guideline for channel spacing:

• Channel Space = 0.7 x (SR1 + SR2)
As shown for the two carriers under consideration. SR1 SR2
• Mathematically, two like signals with equal SR, the
equation could be Ch. Space = 1.4 x (SR)
• Possible to utilize 0.6 x (SR1 + SR2) Spacing
or 1.2 x (SR) for to equal sized carriers Channel Spacing
Systems with high stability, link margin, and/or satellite provider
approval can be required for using SR x 1.2 spacing.
Degradation of the BER will increase when the adjacent signals
have higher signal levels or any closer spacing.
FEC MOD CODE DATA RATE Max. Data Rates
Viterbi BPSK 1/2 Rate 6,250 kbps
QPSK 1/2 Rate 12.5 Mbps
3/4 Rate 15 Mbps
7/8 Rate 17.5 Mbps
Turbo BPSK 5/16 Rate 3,125 kbps
21/44 Rate 4,772 kbps
QPSK 21/44 Rate 9,545 kbps

3/4 Rate 15 Mbps
7/8 Rate 17.5 Mbps
17/18 Rate 18,888.9 kbps
8PSK 3/4 Rate 25 Mbps

8QAM 7/8 Rate 25 Mbps
17/18 Rate 25 Mbps
16QAM 3/4 Rate 25 Mbps
7/8 Rate 25 Mbps
125
OK, Modulation looks not too hard?
What is the Next Step ?
Break Time !
Demodulation: The Hard Part!
Modulation is a more controllable function than Demodulation
• Steps to do signal acquisition
1. Need to tune and lock RF loop circuits on small signals

2. Need to phase lock the digital clock circuits
3. Need decide constellation ambiguity and begin decoding
4. Need to sync & start filling Reed-Solomon De-Interleaver*
5. Need to synchronize the Overhead Frame Demux*
* These are optional operations
If No problems!
Good data comes out!
Modem board
Modulator
TXFIR
TX Data
SEQ VIT / SEQ
TX Clock ENCODER SCRAMBLERS
I & Q FILTERS
TX IF TX IF
VITERBI
& TCM
CODEC
RX IF RX IF
TURBO CODEC FIR/PD & I/Q
W/ SCRAMBLER RECOVERY
& DESCRAMBLER
(OPTIONAL CARD)
CARRIER
DACS
SEQ
DEC-
ODER
RX Data SYM & BIT
TIMING
VITERBI / SEQ
RX Clock DESCRAMBLERS RECOVERY
DLF/NCO
BIT/SYM
Demodulator DACS
TPC Decoding
Iterative Loop
Working
Array
Soft Channel Decoded Output

Data Data
Hard
Original
SISO Decision
Array
Array
Each Iteration Decodes all Rows, then all Columns
Two-dimensional Iterative
TPC Decoding
Iterative Loop
Working
Array
Soft Channel Decoded Output

Data Data
Hard
Original
SISO Decision
Array
Array
Verification of Data Errors and power of Check Sum

Math allows further processing of the data stream.
Two-dimensional Iteration 2
In this case all errors where corrected!
LDPC Decoding
In operation, LDPC process uses a sparse parity-check matrix. This matrix is randomly generated,
subject to the sparsity constraints. These codes are among the state of the art codes. Decoding them is
an NP-Complete problem, so there is incorporated a good approximation decoder. These codes were
first designed by Gallager in 1962. Below is a graph fragment of an example LDPC code using
Forney's factor graph notation. A message is encoded by placing bits on the T's at the top such that the
graphical constraints are satisfied.
Specifically, all lines connecting to an [=] box have the same value, and all values connecting to a [+]
box must sum to zero in modulo two.
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
Forney's factor graph
LDPC Decoding
If we ignore constraints for lines going out of the picture, then there are 8 possible 6 bit strings which correspond to
valid codewords: (i.e., 000000, 011001, 110010, 111100, 101011, 100101, 001110, 010111). Thus this LPDC code
fragment represents a 3-bit message with 6 bits. The purpose of this redundancy is to aid in recovering from channel
errors. Imagine that the 5th message, 101011, is transmitted across a channel and received with the 1st and 4th bit erased
to yield *01*11. We know that the transmitted message must have satisfied the code constraints which we can represent
by writing the received message on the top of the factor graph as shown below.
First : 1 xor 1 = 0 Second : (0 xor 1) xor 0 = 1

X 0 1 X 1 1 X 0 1 0 1 1 0
We can now solve for the missing bits using an algorithm which is commonly referred to as belief propagation. In
this case, the first step of belief propagation is to realize that the 4th bit must be 0 to satisfy the middle constraint.
Now that we have decoded the 4th bit, we realize that the 1st bit must be a 1 to satisfy the leftmost constraint.
Thus we are able to consecutively decode the message encoded with our LDPC code.
David J.C. MacKay (2003) Information theory, inference and learning algorithms, CUP, ISBN 0521642981, (Todd K. Moon (2005) Error Correction Coding,
Mathematical Methods and Algorithms. Wiley, ISBN 0-471-64800-0
Digital Propagation Delay
• Some benefits and trade offs
CDM-625 Configuration
• Configuration Setup via Front Panel Menus
Front Panel Configuration Entry
Press Enter or Clear to

Bring up Top Menu

Info Store/Load Utility ODU FAST
ENTER
Use Arrow Keys to Press
Highlight Menu Item
Configuring the Modem
Configure CONFIG: All Mode Tx Rx Clocks D&I
Menu CnC EDMAC Misc Mask Remote IP

ENTER
ALL > Takes User through full Configuration

Remote > Remote Control Selections
MODE > Interface and Overhead Mode
Tx & Modulation > Modulation & Transmit Configuration
Rx & Demodulation > Demodulation & Receive Configuration
Clocks > Tx and Rx Clocking Options
CnC > Carrier and Carrier Configuration
D&I > D&I Channel Slot assignments
EDMAC > EDMAC Configuration
MISC > Interface and Overhead Options
Alarm Masks > ALARMS (Mask / Enable)
Ethernet > IP Address, M&C, and Operational configuration
Configuring the Modem
Configure All = Start
ALL
( Stop , Start )
ENTER
Use to choose (Start) to begin

or (Stop) to quit.
Configuring the Remote M&C
Remote Control = Local

(Local, Serial remote, Ethernet)
Your list of
Choices Do not change to Serial or Ethernet at this menu.
Only local mode will allow changes beyond this menu.
ENTER
Interface = RS-232 (232, 485-2, 485-4)

Address= 0 Fixed 9600 Baud
Configuring the Interface
Mode: Tx= RS422 : None Rx= RS422 : None

(422 V35 G703s Audio LVDS HSSI IP ASI) ENTER
MODE: Tx= RS422 : None Rx= RS422 : None

(None IBS IDR D&Is EDMACs ESC++)
1 2
Configure Tx-IF: Carrier = ON (On, Off, RTI ) POCO=Off

Transmit IF Spectrum Invert = Off (Off, On)
ENTER
• Spectrum Invert = OFF (typical for 70/140MHz)
RTI = (Receiver ->Transmit Inhibit mode) In this mode the TX IF will go OFF about 10 Seconds after loss of
RX Carrier Detect. The TX IF will go ON after the modem again obtains RX Carrier Detect.
2
POCO = (Power On / Carrier Off ->Transmit Inhibit mode) In this mode the TX IF was ON , then after loss of
primary power the TX IF will be set to OFF after the modem again obtains primary power.
Configure Tx-IF: Carrier = ON (On, Off, RTI ) POCO=Off

Transmit IF Spectrum Invert = Off (Off, On)
• Spectrum Invert = (Off / On) Select as required for converter type

Spectrum Invert = OFF is the typical setting required for operation with C-Band and Ku-Band
frequency converter equipment designed for 70MHz & 140MHz IF frequency systems. The modem
has the ability to generate a frequency inverted spectrum when the RF conversion equipment (C-
band BUC’s) invert the RF signal spectrum during the conversion stage. The Invert feature provides
a way to have the “double inverted” RF signal have the normal spectrum orientation on the uplink
signal. Normal spectrum orientation is required by the many of satellite providers.
950MHz BEFORE 980MHz 950MHz AFTER 980MHz
Modem 1 Modem 2 Modem 2

Normal Spectrum Normal Spectrum Inverted Spectrum
Low High Low High Low High High Low
Configure Tx-IF Frequency: 0070.0000 MHz

Transmit IF
• TX Frequency range 50 MHz - - 180 MHz ENTER
• L-Band 950 MHz – 1,950 MHz (Optional)
Entering the frequency automatically selects the band of operation.

The Tx and Rx only operates on one band at a time
Configure
*
Output Power: Mode = Manual (Manual, AUPC)
Tx Power
Level = -25.0 dBm
* AUPC Requires EDMAC’s or ESC++ active on the link.

AUPC = Automatic Up-link Power Control (More about this later!) ENTER
Configure
Encoder = TPC ( None, Vit, Seq, TCM, TPC, LDPC)
Encoder
Reed-Solomon = Off ( Off, On )
• TPC & LDPC will not be displayed if a Turbo Board is not installed.
NONE = All modes FEC will show 1/1 and Differential allowed to be = Off
ENTER
VIT = VITERBI
SEQ = SEQUENTIAL
TCM = 8PSK
REED-SOLOMON is not allowed with TURBO encoding On.
Configure
Modulation = QPSK (B, Q, OQ, 8-PSK, 16Q, 8QAM)
Modulation
FEC Rate = 7/8 ( 1/2, 3/4, 7/8, .95 )
Use to choose Modulation format.
Use to move to FEC Rate line.

ENT
ENTER
Available FEC Rates will change with Modulation format selection.
(QPSK at ½ is actually 21/44) (.95 is derived from 17/18)
Configure
Tx Data Rate Transmit Data Rate = 00512.000 kbps
Date Invert = Off Clock Invert = Off ENTER
The available Date Rate range is based on the currently selected FEC, Modulation type,
and Overhead mode. Also the data rates are limited to predetermined rates when G.703
Interface type or Drop & Insert modes are selected. (Also this is limited to 5Mb, 10Mb,
or 25Mb) (See FAST Options)
Example: Selectable Data Rate Range, 20Mb Option
BPSK 1/2 18 kbps to 5.0 Mbps

QPSK/OQPSK 1/2 18 kbps to 10.0 Mbps
(TPC) 8-PSK ¾ 40 kbps to 25.0 Mbps
(TCP) 16-QAM ¾ 54 kbps to 25.0 Mbps
Configure
Data/Clock Transmit Data Rate = 00512.000 kbps
Date Invert = Off Clock Invert = Off ENTER
Normally this configuration is set to OFF.
The (Data & Clock Invert) selection allows the Transmit data input signal to be logically flipped
relative to the Transmit Clock signal, or the Clock maybe flipped. Data or Clock inversion is typically
caused by cable wiring mistakes, but may also maybe due to digital design differences.
Invert = ON is used when logical inversion is required to correct the data condition.
Normal 1 1 0 1 Invert = OFF/ON as required

1 1 0 1
Tx Data Input
Inverted
Tx Timing
Tx Timing
Normal = OFF (0v)
Invert = ON (5v)
External Signals Internal Signals
Configure
Tx Sub-Mux Tx Sub-Mux: Off (Off, On)
Rate Ratio = 1/9 (IP / Synchronous) ENTER
The “Sub-Mux” adds the IP Traffic channel ( see: 4-port Ethernet bridge) combined with any one of
the other data port / overhead selections.
The ratio is shown in the menu selection with the IP multiplier on the left.
In the case where a user has the main data rate + the IP data rate going beyond the available
maximums [symbol rate or data rate] the modem will automatically limit the ratio values to those
that can be supported.
Example: Upper Composite data rate = 25 Mbps: Max Symbol rate = 12.500 Msps
HSSI data @22.500 Mbps + IP @2.500 Mbps (Ratio 1/9 ) = 25.000 Mbps (8PSK 3/4)
422 data @2.500 Mbps + IP @22.500 Mbps (Ratio 9/1 ) = 25.000 Mbps (8PSK 3/4)
Configure
Tx Scrambler Tx Scrambler = IESS (Normal, IESS, Off )
IESS-315 V.35 Scrambler ENTER
It is required that the user select IESS-315 (V.35) for the following combination:
Any Interface + EDMAC + LPDC + SubMux (worse at 1/1 up to 9/1 ratio)
The firmware currently selects “Normal” Default Scrambler, but this will cause unwanted
spikes on the carrier spectrum and the BER performance may be effected.
The Scrambler is always ON unless compatibility issue requires it to be OFF.
The Scrambler OFF, requires the Data transitions of 1s & 0s must be continuously random to maintain
carrier modulation and synchronization with receiver. Bursty data traffic activity will not run error-free
without the scrambler ON.
Scrambler configurations include:
• Frame Scrambler (Based on IDR, IBS, DROP&INSERT, EDMAC, ECS++)
• Normal [Default] (Based on combination of above with Viterbi, TPC, TCM-8PSK)
• IESS-315 (employs the V.35 self- synchronous scrambler
Turbo FEC scrambler choices:
• Comtech Turbo [Default] scrambler
• IESS-315 (employs the V.35 self- synchronous scrambler)  IESS-315 forced, TPC + CnC
operation
All other FEC modes scrambler choices:

• Comtech [Default] scrambler  allowed with other FEC + CnC operation
• IESS-315 (employs the V.35 self- synchronous scrambler)  User selectable for all modes
Configuring the Demodulator
Configure
Receiver Acquisition Sweep Range = +/- 10 kHz
Spectrum Invert = Off ( Off, On )
ENTER
• Acquisition range 10kHz is the factory default value. This value can be
used for most operations. The acquisition range can be set more narrow for
lower symbol rates or wider range for LNB signals that drift (L-band case).
• Spectrum Invert = OFF
OFF is the typical setting with frequency converter equipment designed for 70-
140MHz IF. The modem has the ability to invert the received spectrum in the
case where the RF is inverted in the down-link conversion stage. The received
signal must be presented to the decoder stage with the normal spectrum
relationship so the I & Q can be properly locked.
Configure Rx-IF Frequency: 0070.0000 MHz

Receive IF
• RX Frequency range 50 MHz - - 180 MHz ENTER

• L-Band 950 MHz – 1,950 MHz (Optional)
Entering the frequency automatically selects the band of operation.

The Tx and Rx can operate in split band mode.
Configure Decoder = TPC ( None, Vit, Seq, TCM, TPC, LDPC )

Decoder
Reed-Solomon = Off ( Off, On )
* With Viterbi operation the Reed-Solomon = ON selection will continue to the menu display of
N/K values associated with the chosen operation Mode, be it CEFD or IESS. The IESS-310
value of (219/201) is selectable if it does not conflict with the overhead mode.
Reed-Solomon Decoding = Standard (126 / 112 )

( Standard (126/112 ), IESS - 310 ( 219 / 201 )
Example:
ENTER IBS Overhead
Configure
Demodulation
*
Demodulation = 8-PSK (B, Q, OQ, 8-PSK, 16Q, 8QAM)
FEC Rate = 7/8 ( 3/4, 7/8, 0.95 )
ENTER
Configure
Rx Data Rate Receive Data Rate = 00512.000 kbps
Date Invert = Off Clock Invert = Off
The available Date Rate range is based on the currently selected FEC, Demodulation
type, and Overhead mode. The data rates are limited to predetermined rates when G.703
Interface type or Drop & Insert modes are selected. ENTER
The (Data Invert) selection allows the receive data output signal to be logically flipped
relative to the Receive Clock signal, normally this configuration is set to OFF.
Invert = ON is used if a cable wiring or logical inversion is required in the data path.
External Signals
Internal Signals
Normal
Rx Data
Rx Data
Rx Timing Invert
Normal = OFF (0v) Rx Timing

Invert = ON (5v)
Configure
Tx Sub-Mux Rx Sub-Mux: Off (Off, On)
Rate Ratio = 1/9 (IP / Synchronous) ENTER
The “Sub-Mux” adds the IP Traffic channel ( see: 4-port Ethernet bridge) combined with any one
of the other data port / overhead selections.
The ratio is shown in the menu selection with the IP multiplier on the left.
In the case where a user has the main data rate + the IP data rate going beyond the available
maximums [symbol rate or data rate] the modem will automatically limit the ratio values to those
that can be supported.
Example: Upper Composite data rate = 25 Mbps: Max Symbol rate = 12.500 Msps
HSSI data @22.500 Mbps + IP @2.500 Mbps (Ratio 1/9 ) = 25.000 Mbps (8PSK 3/4)
422 data @2.500 Mbps + IP @22.500 Mbps (Ratio 9/1 ) = 25.000 Mbps (8PSK 3/4)
Configure
Rx Descrambler
Rx Descrambler = IESS (Normal, IESS, Off )

IESS-315 V.35 Descrambler
The Descrambler is always set to match the setting

of the Tx Scrambler used at the uplink station.
ENTER
See: Tx Scrambler for the recommendations and
limitation of scrambler choices.
Configure
Rx Descrambler
Rx Equalizer:
Enabled (Enabled, Disable)
The adaptive Rx Equalizer can be Enabled at all times.

The correction is predominantly seen during operation with
8-PSK, 8-QAM, and 16-QAM. The Equalizer is designed for
correction of linear distortions {Gain tilt & Group delay}.
Non-linear distortions such amplifier saturation effects are not ENTER
considered to be correctable with use of the equalizer.
Configure
EbNo ALARM Receive EbNo Alarm Point = 00.1 dB
ENTER
Set as required:
The Eb/No alarm can be set to trigger when the minimum allowed
Eb/No level of the downlink is reached. The alarm indication may
also be masked at any time in the Mask menu.
Configuring the Tx Clocking
Configure
Tx Data Clock
*
Transmit Clock = Internal ( SCT )
(Int (SCT), TxTerr (TT), RxLoop, ETTSTRxS)
ENTER
Set as required:
This configuration will depend on the network Data Equipment requirements and/or other network
configuration requirements. The modem will utilize the TT signal whenever it is detected at the I/O port.
The modem generates the SCT clock signal only when Internal, RX-Loop, or ETTSTRxS mode is selected.
• [Int SCT] the SCT signal is derived from Internal or External Reference depending on the selection.
• [Rx Loop] mode provides the Internal SCT which is referenced to the Rx Satellite Clock.
• [ETTSTRxS] the SCT is the Rx Sat Clock. (Tx and Rx data rates must be equal; no Overhead
mode)
Configuring the Rx Buffer Clocking
Configure
Buffer Clock Clk = Rx-Sat ( Rx-Sat, Tx-Terr, Int (SCT) )
Buffer Size = 00016bytes (00002mS) Center
ENTER
Set RX Buffer Clocking as required:

This configuration will depend on the Data Equipment and Network
timing configuration requirements. Muxed data networks like to use
Buffer Clocking. Asynchronous systems (router data) don’t really need
buffer.
The Buffer Size is set in Bytes. The Buffer time is also displayed in
(mSec) which is relative to the selected Rx Data Rate and G.703 type.
Receive Data Buffering
Buffering:
Same hardware – Different names
· Plesiochronous buffering --> Two dissimilar Network clocks. (Larger size)

Master-Master clocking
• Doppler buffering --> Frequency deviation by satellite motion. (Smaller size)

Master-Slave clocking (Loop-timing)
If the Hub/Remote are configured as Master/Slave, then the Rx buffer is only needed at the
Hub modem. The buffer will only need to have sufficient capacity for the Doppler shift.
For master/master (Plesiochronous) operation, the buffer size will require more depth to
maintain operation over several weeks without Over-flows or Under-flows.
Plesiochronous Buffering Operation (Master to Master)
f1
f1 at Site A 2 independent Network clocks f2 at Site B f2

This will periodically cause data errors if buffering not used.
1) Incoming Traffic too Fast 2) Incoming Traffic too Slow
bit 1
bit 1 bit 1
ERROR bit 1 ERROR
bit 2
bit 2 bit 2 bit 2
bit 3
bit 3 bit 3 bit 3
bit 4
bit 3
bit 5 bit 5 bit 4
bit 4
bit 6
bit 6 bit 5
bit 5
bit 7 bit 7
bit 6 bit 6
Interface Interface
The small clock difference of the 2 sites will eventually fill and empty the buffers at the opposite sites. The amount
of the buffering size can be set to higher values if the Over/Under-flow needs to be delayed for a extended amount of
time. High-stability clocking or GPS reference can be used for reference.
167
Master and Master Clocking
• In Master/Master configuration both network sites run their data equipment on a local
network clocking.
• The limitation of this arrangement is that at some point the buffer at one site will
Over-flow and the other buffer will Under-flow, but weeks or months can pass before
this occurs if highly stable 10-10 clock sources are used at both networks.
Master Master
BUFFER CLOCK =
TX CLOCK SOURCE = TERRESTIAL
TX TERRESTIAL
RT
Tx Rx Buffer
TT
Network A Modem Modem Network B
RT Tx TT
Rx Buffer
TX CLOCK SOURCE =
BUFFER CLOCK =
TX TERRESTIAL TERRESTIAL
At some time the Clocks will over run each other enough times to run the buffers full and empty.
Master Clocking (DTE sourced)
Data Equipment Modem
TX FIFO errors occur
whenever the Tx data source
is > +/- 100ppm of the
modem data rate setting.
TX IF
TX
TT
SCT
SCT Internal
From
RT Decoder
Buffer
Equipment settings: Modem settings:

• Clock - Internal • Tx clock - Terr
• Rx buffer - Terr
If Tx rate < > Rx rate modem will

Mult/Div the Tx clock as required.
(Asymmetric)
Clock Clock
Master TT TT Master
User Modem Modem User
Same settings used at both ends

169
Master Clocking (Modem sourced)
Data Equipment At high data rates TT preferred. Modem
• TT not used in X.21
Ext. Ref.
TT TX IF
TX
SCT SCT Internal
From
RT Decoder RX IF
Buffer
Equipment settings: Modem settings:

• Clock (External) • Tx clock - Internal
• Rx buffer - Terr
SCT SCT
Clock Clock
Master Master
Same settings used at both ends

170
What does the Buffer Do ?
The Buffer is holding the set # Bits between the incoming Satellite data and the output of the Receive Data.
Rx Data Buffer
Write 0 Read
Rx Sat Data Receive Data
Addr. 2 Addr.
4
[ From Demod ] [ To I/O port ]
Rx Satellite Clock Receive Timing
RX Buffer ( Selection = TX-TERR )
Tx Terrestrial Clock As shown here, timing signal from local data

equipment is being used to retrieve data from
External Clock the Rx Buffer at the rate required by the local
equipment.
171
Doppler Buffering for Loop Timing
The altitude change caused by daily gravitational pull of the Moon & Sun slightly pulls
the satellite altitude, and that changes the RF frequency and the data rate typically 1.2
mS/Day. The Buffer size at Hub needs to be equal to 2 times the Doppler range since the
original clock reference is carried 2 times over the link by the Loop-Timing arrangement.
172
Loop-timing Operation (Master to Slave)
Network Source
f1
Modem Network
f1 +/- Doppler
Modem
Buffer f1 at Site A Hub clock reference loops back from Remote site B
The small clock difference of 2 x Doppler will be maintained by the Rx buffer at the Hub modem.
Over-flow / Under-flow will not appear as in the Master/Master case.
173
Slave Clocking (Loop-Timed)
Slaved Modem Data Equipment
TX IF
TT
TX
SCT Internal SCT
From
RX IF Decoder
RT
Buffer
Modem settings:
• Tx clock = TT (if DTE uses RT) Equipment settings:
• or Loop-Timed (if DTE uses SCT) • Clock = Loop or
External
Rx buffer = Rx-Sat (all cases) Data Equipment uses RT clock or
SCT to complete the loop.
RT or SCT
Clock
Master TT
174
Master and Slave Clocking
• In Master/Slave configuration the remote data equipment will be synchronous to the Hub Timing
via the satellite path. This mode is very useful when multiple remote sites are recombined at
the Hub where Multiplex type data equipment must recombine the return data traffic.
+/- Doppler drift typically very small so it is not a

problem for the remote data equipment. The remote
Network equipment clocking mode needs to be set for external.
Mux Hub Site
+/- Doppler
BUFFER CLOCK =
TX CLOCK SOURCE = RX SATELLITE
TX TERRESTIAL
Slave
Master +/- Doppler x 2
Remote 1
TT
Tx No Buffer RT & RD RD
DSU/CSU Modem
RT
Modem TT & SD SD
Tx
Rx Buffer
TX CLOCK SOURCE =
BUFFER CLOCK =
TERRESTIAL
TX TERRESTIAL
Master RX Only Slave Remote 2
TT
Tx No Buffer RT & RD RD
DSU/CSU
Modem Modem
RT TT & SD SD
Rx Buffer Tx
Independent Clocking (IP Interface)
• In some cases the configuration of both network sites can be set to run their data
equipment on a local network clocking with out regard to a fixed reference at either
end. This is the case if using IP Routers or various steaming Video or Audio sources.
• The router serial interface can set to use the SCT signal from the modem as its
source. The buffer disabled and the size can be reduced to the minimum possible.
• This clocking configuration is fixed while in the IP Interface mode.
BUFFER CLOCK =
TX CLOCK SOURCE = RxSAT CLOCK
(SCT) INTERNAL
TT RT
Tx No Buffer
SCT Modem SCT
IP Router Modem IP Router
TT
RT
No Buffer Tx
TX CLOCK SOURCE =
BUFFER CLOCK =
RxSAT CLOCK (SCT) INTERNAL
Configuring Extension Clocking (optional feature)
Configure
CEX G.703 Clock Extension, Mode: None
(None, Tx Lock, Ext Enable)
• In some cases it may be preferred that remote network sites run the
data equipment on the network Hub site clocking. For this case the
Optional CEX feature provides a way to supply E1 and other clock
sources over the satellite link.
ENTER
• The Hub modem is set for TX Lock
• The Remote modem is set for Ext Enable
(CEX
(CEX Option)
Option)
Clock Extension Option 1
TX Lock Ext Enable
(CEX
(CEX Option)
Option)
Ext Enable
(CEX
(CEX Option)
Option)
Ext Enable
TX Lock
Configuring Extension Clocking (optional feature)
Configure
CEX Alarm G.703 Clock Extension:
Mask: Active (Active, Masked)
• Clock “Activity Alarm” may be set to Active for monitoring the network
clock source while using the Optional CEX feature. ENTER
• The Mask is set for Active to allow the Alarm
Configure
CEX Mode G.703 Clock Extension:
Interface: T1 (T1, E1-B, E1-U)
• Clock rate and source port will be set to for the network clock source
while using the Optional CEX feature.
ENTER
Configuring Internal / External Reference
Configure
External Clock
Frequency Reference: = Internal
(Internal (with O/P), 1, 2, 5, 10 MHz)
ENTER
• High stability time-base clock maybe applied if required for
network synchronization.
• (With O/P) means the Internal time-base will be used and also
supplied as an Output signal of 10MHz at the Ext Ref port.
Configuring External Baseband Clocking
Configure
CnC
CnC Mode: Off ( Off, On )
ENTER
• CnC On/Off control will most likely not be used
while in the “Config All” mode.
• Link configuration and frequency details must

be set for CnC to be utilized correctly.
Configure
CnC
CnC Frequency Offset: ( range 1 – 032 kHz)
+/ – 030 kHz
• CnC frequency range setting can be made here. ENTER
• Link configuration and frequency details must

be set for CnC to utilized correctly.
Configure
CnC
CnC Search Delay: ( range 0 – 330 mS)
Min: 010 mS Max: 290 mS
• CnC Search Delay range can be adjusted to ENTER

window the delay value seen in the CnC
monitor menu.
Configure
CnC
CnC PMSI Mode: Idle
( Idle, Redundancy, Talk, Listen )
• CnC PMSI Mode is selected for use in the ENTER

Redundancy modes.
EDMAC Configurations
EDMAC Mode = MASTER (Idle / Master / Slave)

EDMAC Address = 0020
These configuration options are available.

IDLE = In IDLE, Commands not sent to the distant site equipment; however, the AUPC
operation is still available.
MASTER = The master modem is used as the command sender.
SLAVE = The slave modem and (ODU) at the distant end equipment can be controlled.
Note:
The EDMAC Master/Slave addressing of modems and ODU’s is pre-defined. The specific
EDMAC addressing format can be found in the owner’s manual.
The EDMAC system is designed to be used in a Point-to-Point M&C mode. It does not support
star network M&C configurations.
The EDMAC channel provides command parity checking to avoid performing erroneous
commands at the remote site equipment. This feature is not found in open ESC channels.
Configuring Interface Handshake Protocol
Configure
HSSI
HSSI handshake control: (2 options)
TA -> CA loop
Options:
• TA -> CA loop (This is the typical mode) ENTER
• RR cntl CA, TA cntl (Allowing TA control of

Tx requires special consideration of the
start/stop coding.)
Configure
RS-422 / V.35
RTS/CTS control: ( 3 options)
RTS/CTS Loop, No Action
Options:
• RTS/CTS Loop, No Action (This is the typical ENTER
mode)
• Allowing RTS to control Tx requires special
consideration of the start/stop encoding.
Configure
ADPCM
ADPCM Tx1 = +0dB Tx2 = +0dB
Volumes: Rx1 = +0dB Rx2 = +0dB
• Level control for the Audio channels ENTER
Configure
High Stab
High-Stab Reference Warm-Up Delay
None (None, Enable)
• Enable of the Warm-Up Delay holds the Tx Carrier ENTER

Off for around 2 -3 Min.
Configure
Stats
Link Statistics Logging Interval:
Disabled (00 to 99)
ENTER
Configure
Masking
AIS: Tx-Terr-AIS = Masked (Active, Mask)
Rx-Sat-AIS = Masked
ENTER
Configure
Masking Buffer Slip Alarm = Active (Active, Mask)
Reference Alarms = Active
ENTER
Configure
Masking RxIF Alarms: AGC = Masked (Active, Mask)
EbNo = Active
ENTER
Configure
Masking Tx Clock Alarm = Active (Active, Mask)
(Valid in G.703 & Ext Clock modes)
ENTER
Configure
Masking Terr-Alm: Tx = N/A (Active, Mask)
Rx = N/A
ENTER
Configure
Masking BUC alarm = Active (Active, Mask)
Attach to Tx alarm = Yes (Yes, No)
ENTER
Configure
Masking
LNB alarm = Active (Active, Mask)
Attach to Rx alarm = Yes (Yes, No)
ENTER
Configure
IP Gateway Ethernet IP Gateway:
192.168.001.001
ENTER
Configure
IP Address Ethernet IP Address/Range:
192.168.001.011/24
ENTER
Configure
SNMP SNMP Read Community:
public (20 chars)
ENTER
Configure
SNMP SNMP Write Community:
private (20 chars)
ENTER
Configure
SNMP SNMP Traps Community:
comtech (20 chars)
ENTER
Configure
SNMP SNMP Taps Version:
SNMP-ver1 (ver1, ver2)
ENTER
Configure
SNMP Trap IP addr #1:
000.000.000.000
ENTER
Configure
SNMP Trap IP addr #2:
000.000.000.000
ENTER
Configure
Bridge Ethernet Switch Mode:
Simple-bridge VLAN
ENTER
Configure
All = Stop
ALL
( Stop , Start )
ENTER
Choose (Start) to go again or (Stop) to quit.
More Configurations
More CDM-625 Configurations
Configure
EDMAC MODE: Tx= V.35: EDMAC Rx= V.35: EDMAC
(None IBS D&I’s EDMAC’s ESC++)
ENTER
If TX Mode is = EDMAC, RX Mode will automatically become EDMAC
CONFIG: All Mode Tx Rx Clocks D&I

CnC EDMAC Misc Mask Remote IP
EDMAC Mode = Master (Idle / Master / Slave)

EDMAC Address = 0020
IDLE = Commands not sent , AUPC operation and monitoring is still available.
MASTER = The master modem is used as the command sender.
SLAVE = The slave modem and (ODU) at the distant end equipment can be controlled.
These AUPC configuration options are available with EDMAC.
Output Power: Mode = AUPC (Manual, AUPC) TX POWER

Target – EbNo - Range Alarm-Action AUPC Configuration
Minimum EbNo of Remote Modem = 7.0 dB TX AUPC

Settings
Maximum Permitted Power Increase = 2.0 dB
Use of AUPC Requires Link Budget analysis & Satellite Provider approval
Max Tx Power Action= Tx-Alm (None, Tx-Alm)

Remote Demod Unlock Action= Max-Pwr (Nom,Max)
Remote Modem = 7.0 dB
Maximum Permitted Power Increase = 2.0 dB
Statistics Logging Configurations
Configure
Mask Misc: G.703-Line Code IDR-ESC HSSI RTS
ENTER
Audio-Vol HiRate ESC Warm-Up Stats
Link Statistics Logging Interval:

60 minutes ( 00 TO 90 )
Set Stats Monitor logging as required:

At the 60min setting, the modem will store information into its Stats
memory every hour. 255 memory locations are available. This feature
logs the Ave and Worst EbNo during Time period and also the Ave and
Max Tx IF Power level increase.
ODU Control setup via FSK
“Enable” ODU Communication: CSAT or BUC (Not both at the same time)
70/140 mode on the Rx-IF (or) L-Band mode on the Tx-IF
Select the ODU configuration in the Menu Display
ODU: BUC:PwrSupply+Ref
ENTER
LNB:PwrSupply+Ref FSK-control (<,
>) Enter)
70/140MHz TX-IF Allows (CSAT/KST) ODU Control: FSK=On (Off, On)

Stand-alone or 1:1
ODU Type: C/KST (C/KST, 2CSATs) (< , >)
L-Band TX-IF Allows (BUC ) ODU Control: FSK=On (Off, On)

ODU Type: BUC (due to Tx Freq) (< , >)
CSAT Communication via FSK
Communication via the FSK can be used to configure the Transceiver.
Select the ODU configuration items in the Menu Display
ODU Select : Config Info

Status (<, > Enter)
Config Select : TX RX
LNA (<, > Enter)
Config RX : 3195.0000 MHZ ENTER
ATTN 12.0 dB (<, > Enter)
Store/Load Functions

Info Store/Load Utility ODU FAST ENTER
Configuration #0: Load Store

Available
Configuration #0: Override: No (No, Yes)

19:18:37 02/04/02
Data code of previous version & Warning Message:

Choose (YES) to write new data.
Alarm Masks
And
Monitor Menus
MASK Configurations
IDR Overhead Alarms
Config Alarm Mask: AIS Buffer

Rx IF Sat - Alarm Terr - Alarm
AIS : Tx-Terr-AIS = Masked (Active, Masked)

Rx-Sat-AIS = Masked (Active, Masked)
TX-AIS Active will cause Tx Traffic fault if all “1s” at I/O
RX-AIS Active will cause Rx Traffic fault if all “1s” decoded
Buffer Slip = Active (Active, Masked)
Optional: ENTER
Buffer Slip will cause Rx Traffic fault if Buffer goes Full or Empty.
Monitor Functions
Monitor : Live-Alarms Stored-Events This is the MENU use to determine

Statistics Rx-Params AUPC CnC IP (<>) what the status LED’s are indicating.
Live Unit = None Net = None

Alarms Rx = None Tx = None (<>)
Stored Events: Clear All : Yes (No, Yes)

#022 Ok - Frame Sync 02/04/02 18:26:58
Statistics: STA004: 16.0, 16.0, 0.0, 0.0

02/04/02 18:21:36 Clear All: Yes (No, Yes)
Rx-Parameters: EbNo > 16.0 dB F= -0.0 kHz

BER= 0.0E-9 Buffer= 50% Rx-Level= -26
dBm
CDM-625 Monitor Functions
Monitor : Live-Alarms Stored-Events

Statistics Rx-Params AUPC CnC IP (<>)
Live Unit= None Net= None

Alarms Rx= None Tx= None ENTER
Display Info:
• Unit alarms can not be Masked
• “Some” RX, TX, and NET alarms can be set as Active or Masked in the Mask menu.
Unit alarms

• Alarms are displayed with a hierarchy as shown below with the most critical first.
NO MASK
NO MASK
TX Alarms MASK
MASK
NO MASK
NO MASK
MASK
NO MASK
RX Alarms MASK
MASK
MASK
NO MASK

• Alarms are displayed with a hierarchy as shown below with the most critical first.
NO MASK
NO MASK
TX Alarms MASK
MASK
NO MASK
NO MASK
MASK
RX Alarms

Statistics Rx-Params AUPC CnC IP (< >)
Common mistakes:
• (TX FIFO) Fault is caused by TX Data input ≠ TX Data rate setting on modem. Applied date and
clock is required to be +/- 100ppm of setting.
• (RX AGC) Fault is caused by RX signal input higher or lower than the possible range
• Demod not Locking – Antenna problem or some deviation between Tx and Rx configuration settings.
• Data not flowing – Scrambler/Descrambler turned off or some deviation between Tx and Rx
configuration settings.
Monitor Functions

AUPC-Params: Remote EbNo= 8.5 dB

Transmit Power Increase = 0.0 dB
Display of AUPC status
CnC Monitor Functions

Display of CnC Status
CnC – Params: unavailable as

unlocked
CnC – Params: Freq-offset=+000.0kHz

Ratio: +00 dB Delay= 000.0mS
Built in Test Modes
Test mode Options
TEST : Mode BERT ENTER
Modem Test Mode = Normal

( Norm, Tx-CW, Tx-1/0, IF , RF , DIG , I/O
NORMAL = NO TEST MODES ON

TX-CW = CW mode, no Modulation >
TX-ALT-1/0 = Offset mode >
IF LOOP = IF Loopback
RF LOOP = RF Loopback
DIG LOOP = Digital Loopback
I/O LOOP = Interface Loopback
Internal Test Modes
Virtually Fool Proof !
These tests modes help verify the ability of the modem’s correct operation
BER
Test
This test invokes an internal IF loop. All Transmit parameters are temporarily copied to the
Receive configuration, and a Tx-Rx connection is made internal to the chassis.
BER
Test
This test invokes a digital loopback which sends data at the output of the digital FIR filter on
the transmit side, back into the Viterbi decoder on the Rx side. This tests the interface, Tx
baseband circuits, FEC encoder/decoder and the buffer.
Far End
I/O
Loopback Loopback
Set to
I/O Loopback Set to
Normal
BER Modem
Test
Modem BER
Test
This test invokes two distinct loopbacks:
1. Digital data from the transmit interface and loops back to the receive data interface. This will help verify
that the data cable and the modem interface is good.
2. Secondly, the satellite demodulator data passes back through the modulator to be re-transmitted (also
called Far-End Loopback). The far-end user is required to set the Buffer Clock to RxSat so that the
clocking will be properly returned.
BER
Test
RF Loopback Test
Test Loopback RF Link

Set to
RF Loopback
BER
Test Modem
RF Loop test invokes the Rx IF frequency to be the same as the Tx IF frequency. All receive
parameters are temporarily changed to match the Tx configuration. There is no internal loop. The
connection made externally with a cable, or via the satellite path. This mode can be used to test the
local Modem and RF equipment together, via the satellite link path.
Built-in-Self-Test (BERT)
Pattern Selections BERT : Config Monitor

Space all 000000...
Mark all 1111111...
1:1 101010...
1:2 1001001... The modem has a built-in (Bite Error Rate Tester) = BERT
63 63 bit pattern
511 511 bit pattern
2047 2^11-1 bit pattern BERT Tx: Off Pattern=2047 ErrIns = Off
2047R2047 reverse pattern
MIL188 5*2047patterns + 50 zeros Cnfg Rx: Off Pattern=2047
2^15-1 2^15-1 long pattern
2^20-1 2^20-1 longer pattern
2^23-1 2^23-1 longest pattern
BERT Monitor: Errs=No Sync Sync : Loss

BER=No Sync Restart
220
Built-in-Self-Test (BERT)
Lab and Link
Troubleshooting
Rear Panel Connections
These are the basic connections used for operation and testing.
Rx IF Tx IF
Cable Cable
Data Cable
AC Power
223
Quick test
• A basic bench verification test can be performed with digital Bit Error
test equipment such as a “Fireberd-6000”. Simply set the modem to the
required interface and data rate, while also setting the BERT equipment
to the same data rate. Set the modem to TEST MODE (IF Loop). Select
the 2047 pattern on the BERT. Connect the BERT to the modem with
proper data cable for loop testing. The BERT unit should now show
(SYNC) and no bit errors, indicating the test is successful.
Bit Error Test equipment produces a know random pattern of Ones and Zeros.
This digital pattern is sent from the tester’s I/O port into the signal path to be
tested and retrieved at the tester I/O port. The BERT unit then checks the
retrieved pattern for mistakes and reports them as BER (bit errors per second)
and Average bit errors. 1x10 -9 or better yet 1x10-10 is considered error free.
Monitor Menu Parameters
• A basic bench verification test can be performed by using the combination of the built in BERT test
and the IF Loopback mode.
• Simply set the modem to the desired mode and data rate, while also setting the BERT mode to the
same Tx and Rx data patterns.
• Set the modem to use (IF Loopback ) test mode.
• Move to the Monitor menus to view the Rx status and BERT Err reading status.
Common Alarms
• Common configuration mistakes:
• (TX FIFO) Fault is caused by TX Data input ≠ TX Data rate setting on modem. Applied
date and clock is required to be +/- 100ppm of setting.
• (RX AGC) Fault is caused by RX signal input higher or lower than the AGC window.
• Demod not Locking – Antenna problem or some deviation between Tx and Rx

configuration settings.
• Data not flowing – Scrambler/Descrambler turned off or some deviation between Tx and
Rx configuration settings.
Example of Test Setup
BER Tester
• The digital Bit Error Rate Test equipment such as a “Fireberd-6000” is designed to provide a
selectable range of data test patterns.
• Mark is = 1,1,1,1,1,1 (All ‘1s’) 1/1 = 101010101010
• 63  thru  1023 are preset pseudo-random patterns generated at the Tx source and compared
for errors on the Rx side.
• Avoid using the 1015 pattern while the modem is set to use the V.35 (IESS-308, IESS-315)
scrambler/descrambler type due to the possibility that it can get locked up by this pattern and
run continuous errors. This has caused some technicians to go mad. The QRSS pattern is
known to be free of this type of sync problem and can be used to show true modem
scrambler-to-scrambler compatibility.
• BERT test units can operate across a wide range of user selectable data rates with use of its
internal synthesizer as the timing source (TT). Also the typical BERT units allow the user to
select the Interface clock (SCT clock signal from the modem) to be used for generating the Tx
pattern.
Modulator Checkout
Step Procedure
1 Set the Modem test mode to (Tx-CW), using a frequency counter read
the carrier frequency.
2 Set the Modem test mode to (Tx-1/0), using the spectrum analyzer
measure that the carrier reduction is <-30dBc from either of the side
bands.
3 Set the Modem to Normal, using the spectrum analyzer check for any
spurious items higher than <-50dBc.
4 Using the RF power meter, check that the power level reading agrees
within +/-0.1dBm.
Demodulator Checkout
Step Procedure
1 Set the Modem test mode to (IF Loop), verify the Rx Traffic LED goes
Green, carrier lock frequency and RSL display are normal. (Monitor menu)
2 Check that the Eb/No value reads >16dB, and BER reads 9E-9.
3 Set the Modem to Normal, use the Noise Source and Spectrum Analyzer to
setup a set of S+N/N levels required for Eb/No vs.BER testing.
4 Using the BERT tester, check that the BER reading agrees within 0.25dBm of
the modem specification table.
5 Clear and “Stored Events” and begin long term monitoring.
I&Q Test Point Connections
• The Demodulator’s I&Q constellation patterns can be observed

to analyze what maybe wrong with the equipment or the uplink
and downlink environment.
J9 Aux Rear Panel
Pin 3 = Q Channel
Pin 11 = I Channel
Oscilloscope
Channel 1&2
X-Y Mode
BER CDM-625
Test Modem
See the next page for some examples of the display...
X-Y constellation Analysis
Typical eye pattern with Arc shape caused by RF Rotating or wobbling Non-linearity and group-
local IF Loop-back. equipment Phase Noise. pattern can be caused by delay of Earth Station
Adjacent Carrier(s)
equipment OR Satellite
Eye pattern caused by Eye pattern caused by Unlocked Demodulator Typical eye pattern from
Lack of input Carrier Too Much input Carrier caused by Configuration Satellite link with good
Error or Modem problem Signal-Noise level
8PSK Eye Pattern Analysis
Typical Eye Pattern with Eye Pattern caused by Typical Eye Pattern with
local IF Loop-back RF Phase Noise good Signal-Noise level
Lab Loopback Test from Satellite link
The phase noise displayed in the QPSK example is less

likely to degrade BER performance than the same
amount present in 8PSK operation. As can be seen in
the 8PSK I&Q display the dots are closer together,
and, with the addition of white noise introduced from
the satellite path, the dots overlap more frequently,
causing increased decoding errors, which equates to
degraded BER performance.
16QAM Eye Pattern Analysis
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (Combination of ASK and PSK)
1350 900 450

0,1,1,0 0,1,1,1 1,1,0,1 1,1,0,0
0,1,0,0 0,1,0,1 1,1,1,0 1,1,1,1

1800 00
0,0,0,0 0,0,0,1 1,0,1,0 1,0,1,1
0,0,1,0 0,0,1,1 1,0,0,0 1,0,0,1

2250 3150
2700
This Eye Pattern displays effect Typical good Eye Pattern

of non-linearity and group-
delay possibly present in the
Earth Station’s RF equipment
and/or Satellite Transponder
circuit.
RX AGC Limits
• The symbol rate range has the following effect on the RX signal input range.
• 70 / 140 MHz Mode
Demodulator
Degradation
Upper AGC
Alarm limit
Lower AGC
Alarm / Unlock
RX AGC Limits
• The symbol rate range has the following effect on the RX signal input range.
• L-Band Mode
Demodulator
Degradation
Upper AGC
Alarm limit
Lower AGC
Alarm / Unlocked
Effect of RX Signal Environment on Demodulator
+3dBc
Adjacent carrier levels increase

or channel spacing changes
Here is the QPSK as effected by Channel Spacing
• Degradation created by 2 adjacent carriers (Symbol Rates = measurement channel)
• Zero degradation line = BER performance 10-8
Eb/No Degradation vs. Carrier Spacing

QPSK 3/4 Turbo
-0.5 Adjacent
level
-1
Eb/No Degradation
-3 dB
-1.5
0 dB
-2
3 dB
-2.5
6 dB
-3
-3.5
-4
0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50
Carrier Spacing Normalized To Symbol Rate
Here is the 8PSK effected by Channel Spacing
Eb/No Degradation Versus Carrier Spacing

8-PSK 3/4 Turbo
0.0
Adjacent
-0.5
Eb/No Degradation
level
-3 dB
-1.0
0 dB
3 dB
-1.5
6 dB
-2.0
-2.5
0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
Here is the 16QAM as effected by Channel Spacing
Eb/No Degradation Versus Carrier Spacing

16-QAM 3/4 Turbo
0.0
-0.5 Adjacent
level
Eb/No Degradation
-1.0
-3 dB
-1.5
0 dB
-2.0
3 dB
-2.5
6 dB
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
Modem Test Methods
Error Free Testing
• Error free performance testing does not require a noise source. This testing takes a
longer time when running at low data rates, so highest possible date rate is best for
this. (High data rates will reach a 1x10-10 value faster.) For complete RF path test
connect the modem Tx IF port to the Rx IF port with a good cable. To additionally
stress the unit during test, an attenuator can also be included in the RF path to
reduce to signal level to within 5dB of the lower AGC range of the modem’s receiver
specification (typically –60dBm) so try test at –55dBm level.
Phase Noise Testing

• Testing for Phase Noise and frequency stability in the modem and/or RF equipment
is better to be done at low data rates. The data BER test is again setup to run in TX
to RX test loop which may include the RF equipment. 8-PSK modulation is
preferred for this testing due to its susceptibility to phase noise, therefore the
effects will be more readily seen during the testing if the condition is present.
• If there is higher than specified error rate during testing, it could be located in the
TX or the RX circuits, so in this case another (known good) modem or RF system is
used to provide the TX signal or RX signal path. Rearranging the test setup will
help to isolate the device causing the error or noise problem.
Performance Test
RX Verification
Eb/No -verses- BER
Performance Measurements
• Power Meter Method

• Most Accurate
• Need Flat Filter with Precisely known Band Width
• Need Spectrally Flat Noise Source
• Special equipment can be purchased from NoiseCom or HP
• Accuracy possible +/- 0.05dB
 Spectrum Analyzer Method


Read (S+No)/No off of Spectrum Analyzer display

Need educated eye, and Eb/No Tables

Accuracy possible +/- 0.3dB
• Modem Monitor values

• Provides Very good estimate, Repeatable +/- 0.1dB
• Includes Modem Implementation Loss
S+N/N Measurement on Spectrum Analyzer
Note that adjustment of the Video BW and use of the (Video Averaging, when
that feature is available) will aid in obtaining a good display measurement.
RL -49.00 dBm
ATTEN 10 dB
2.00 dB/DIV
RES BANDWIDTH
10.0 kHz
S+N/N = 10dB
M o d e m R a te = 2 1 4 4 k b it/s , 3 /4 R a t e C o d in g
w it h 7 .8 d B E b /N o ( S + N ) /N = 1 0 d B
CENTER 70.000 MHz SPAN 1.000 MHz

*RB 10.0 kHz *VB 10.0 Hz ST 30.00 sec
 Spectrum Analyzer Equivalence

Spectrum Analyzer measures signal and noise power

Analyzer actually reads (S+ N)/N, so we must calculate…

We need to know Signal Power to Noise Density ratio

Sig/No = EbN0 * Bits/Hz * Code Rate

Sig/No = Eb/N0dB + (Bits/Hz)dB + (Code Rate)dB

S+No/No dB = 10*log [10^(Sig/No/10)+1]
Example:
S+No/No = 11.33dB mode (QPSK) m=2 (FEC) = 1/2
Eb/N0(linear) = [10exp(11.33/10)]-1 / (2*1/2)

Eb/N0 (dB) = 10 * log{[10exp(11.33/10)]-1 / (2 * 1/2)} = 11.0dB
S+N QPSK FEC Rate

N m=2bits/Hz
Eb/No vs. S+N/N
30.00
25.00
Eb/No (BPSK) 5/16
Eb/No (BPSK)
20.00 21/44
Eb/No (QPSK) 3/4
Eb/No (8PSK) 3/4
15.00 Eb/No (16-Q) 3/4
Eb/No (64-Q) 7/8
10.00
Eb/No
5.00
S+N/N
0.00
0.25
1.00
1.75
2.50
3.25
4.00
4.75
5.50
6.25
7.00
7.75
8.50
9.25
10.00
10.75
11.50
12.25
13.00
13.75
14.50
15.25
16.00
16.75
17.50
18.25
19.00
19.75
20.50
21.25
22.00
22.75
23.50
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
Spectrum Analyzer Test Method Setup
2 port
Combiner
TX IF
Noise
Source CDM-625
70MHz – 140MHz Variable RX IF MODEM
Variable
IF Band Attenuator Attenuator
Bit Error Rate Test

Equipment
Spectrum
Analyzer
• The signal to noise levels can be set to various levels while the BER values are measured and recorded.
Scope display of QPSK constellation
1E-1
Comparison of FEC
shows TPC has Superior 1E-2
Efficiency
Un-coded
QPSK
Performance Comparison 1E-3
The lower range values of Eb/No
possible with Turbo FEC mean that
less Transmit power (smaller dish)
or lower code rate (less bandwidth) 1E-4
can be used on the link.
1E-5
BER
TPC used in place of Viterbi on 1E-6

the link can allow 2 times the data Gain of using Viterbi
3/4 Rate = 3dB
rate of Viterbi operation.
1E-7
Gain of using
TPC 3/4 = 8 dB
1E-8 7/8 Rate

1/2 Rate 3/4
Rate Gain of using
3/4 Viterbi + R/S
= 5.25 dB
1E-9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Eb / No
Performance Measure
• Satellite MODEM performance can be measured at the IF signal energy-per-bit to noise

density (Eb/No) required to realize a given bit error rate (BER) performance. The Eb/No is
not measured directly, but is derived from the ratio of the RF signal’s power density above
the noise power density.
• On the next page is a comparison showing the select of the modulation type and the effect
this has on the bit energy of the carrier. Since the noise floor is constant, the lower bit
energy available at higher modulation factors means the Eb/No ratio is dropping, even
though the carrier looks somewhat higher on the spectrum plot.
1E-1
Performance Verification
Example: (same for TPC) 1E-2
Testing Viterbi operation can be

done at a range of Eb/No values
deemed necessary to be used 7/8 Rate
Un-coded
1E-3 3/4 Rate
on the link. The values of 9dB, QPSK
7.5dB and 6dB could be used for
Viterbi 3/4 rate.
1E-4
The shape marks the BER
data that was measured during
the test period of the 9dB noise BER
level. As shown the BER 1E-5
recorded is 2.5x10-8 better than
6.5x10-8 specified by the
manufacture.
1E-6
The shape marks the BER
data that maybe seen if there is
a noise problem within the
modem or RF path. The problem 1E-7
could be in the TX or the RX
circuits, so in this case another
(known good) modem is needed
to provide the TX signal. 1E-8
1E-9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Eb / No
CDM-625 Redundancy Options
• CRS-300 1:N
• CRS-180 1:1
• CRS-170A 1:1
CRS-300 for 1:10 Redundancy
CRS-280L 1:N
IF Switch
CDM-625’s
CRS-300 1:N
Multi-Interface
Modem Switch
CRS-300 for 1:10 Redundancy
The CRS-300 system can be pre-racked at

Comtech EFData for delivery to the
customer’s site. Contact Sales for prices.
The system components installed are

selected based on the features and options
to be used in the customer’s application.
The rack is equipped with a Power and

Ground Bus. A cable tray is included to
maintain cable routes securely.
Redundancy Switching 1:1 (70/140 IF)
CDM-625
CRS-180
CDM-625
Redundancy Switching 1:1 (L-Band)
CDM-625
L-Band mode
CRS-170A
CDM-625
L-Band mode
Firmware Update Process
Firmware Update Links
» To support future upgrades the modem memory can be re-programmed in the field by the
owner via the Ethernet port located on the rear panel.
» The latest version of the “firmware” is always available on the Comtech EF Data web site.
www.comtechefdata.com
» Click the link Support then click Software Downloads The link takes you to the
information page. Click on the button [Download Flash and Software Update Files]
» You will see the products listed that have download files. The files are provided as both Zip
or the Exe (Self-extracting zip) versions.
» Inside the Zip file contains :::

Binary data file -- file to be uploaded into unit via FTP session
Update Notes -- file explaining the changes included in the updated version
MIB data files – files provided for users of SNMP Management systems
Application files - - software tools for modems with special graphics features
WWW.COMTECHEFDATA.COM
Firmware Files Saved
Click here
to Save
Zip Files to be Extracted
Extract all files to the Directory that you use to keep your updates...
FTP Programming Tool
FTP Update tools are available from Comtech.
FTP Programming Tool
FTP Update tools are available from Comtech.
Ethernet Configuration for FTP
Option 1:
Set the PC and Modem addresses and connect together with a Crossover Ethernet Cable.
Crossover Cable
PC 10.9.7.24 /16 Modem 10.9.7.23 /16
Pair 2 Pair 3
Pair 1 Pair 1
Pair 2 Pair 4
Pair 3 Pair 4
RJ-45 CAT5 Crossover Cable RJ-45

Connector 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connector
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pairs 2 and 3 swap
Ethernet Configuration for FTP
Option 2:
Set the PC and Modem addresses and connect each to a local Hub or Switch with Straight
through Ethernet Cables.
Straight Cable Straight Cable
Workgroup Hub or
Switch
PC 10.9.7.24 /16 Modem 10.9.7.23 /16
Pair 3 Pair 3
Pair 2 1 Pair 4 Pair 2 1 Pair 4
RJ-45 RJ-45
Connector 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connector
CAT5 Straight Cable

All Pairs in same location
Notes
Notes
For additional help contact Comtech EFData Customer Support
480-333-HELP (4357)
Thank you for your participation

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ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS

The Most Bandwidth Efficient Communication Ever !

CDM-625 Satellite Modem

 Front Panel Display

 Open Network features

 Closed Network features

• CDM-625 Modem Switch Redundancy Systems

The world liked to communicate, but the world got

Why do our customers use satellite modems?

Basic view of satellite communication

Arthur C. Clark, Wireless World, Oct 1945, “Electronic “Reflector”

A system of 3 Repeater satellites equally spaced in geosynchronous

There are 4 types of satellite network topologies:

This modem platform can support a future

Inside the Super Modem

» IP Network data traffic and management capabilities

» A modem with State-of-the-art Forward Error Correction (Turbo & LDPC)

» A modem with State-of-the-art satellite bandwidth reduction ( Carrier-n-Carrier TM

» Built-in redundancy capability (1:1 with CRS-170A / 180 IF Switch)

• RS-422 or V.35 (EIA-530 25-pin)

• G.703 T1/E1, T2/E2 on balanced and unbalanced ports

• Four-port Ethernet 10/100 BaseT

• ESC (RS-232/485) Selectable

• Open Network (IDR / IBS) ESC and Alarms

* HSSI -- High Speed Serial Interface

1. 70/140 MHz IF [ Legacy - Been around for a long time ]

2. L-Band IF [ Gaining larger share of system integrations ]

Modes Cost Features

Modulation Cost Features

L-Band IF Cost Features

Select CONFIG to enter FAST Options or use the Demo mode

FAST: Set 1: Config View

ENT Set 2: Config View Set 3 Config View

FAST Demo Mode: Off On

The FAST CODE will be sent by E-mail or Fax after

Edit 20 digit FAST Code:

Example: Increase Data Rate to 25Mbps ---- (FAST Option)

Modem Assembly and Description

• PL/12587-1 Modem Chassis – AC Power Supply

• PL/12875-1 Carrier-in-Carrier® (card Option)

• CnC (Carrier in Carrier)

CDM-625 with Carrier-n-Carrier

Compatible operation is possible for a CDM-625 with Carrier-n-Carrier

Typical Global Beam Footprint

• CDM-625 is installed just as any other modem

C-B and Up Convert er

Input A tten. Ente r

E xt. Ref. L O Fault

Rem ote S IG Faul t

The Min/Max (10 – 290mS) Factory default

Frequency Offset range is adjustable to meet the

Change the CnC Mode from Off to On when all

The (Monitor /CnC) menu shows the details of

CnC – Params: Freq-offset=+000.0kHz

Note about Scrambler setting with Carrier-n-Carrier.

Tx Scrambler = IESS (Normal, IESS, Off )

Scrambler is (Normal or Framed) as the Factory default.

* Descrambler (Normal or Frame) should be set to the matching IESS-315 mode as

CnC Search Delay (range 0-330mS)

230mS Round-trip delay

CnC Search Delay (range 0-330mS)

Set delay values to window the monitored value

The modems will have the best acquisition ability when