Resistors Are in Series When They Are Connected Head-To-Tail and There Are No Other Wires Branching Off From The Nodes Between Components

Resistors in series
• Resistors are in series when they are

connected head-to-tail and there are no other
wires branching off from the nodes between
components.
• Resistors in series share the same current.

Resistors in series
•Total
Series Resistance
The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to
the sum of the resistances of each individual
series resistor.
Resistors in series
•Total
Series Resistance
For equal resistors,

=R
So, n x R = nR
Ohm’s Law in Series Circuits
Example
Find the current shown in the figure.
Ohm’s Law in Series Circuits
•Example

Find the current shown in the figure.
= 129
I = = 194 mA
Resistors In Parallel
• A parallel circuit consists of two or more resistors
individually connected across the same two
points.
• Such a circuit provides more than one current

path for the current flowing out from the voltage
source.
• Each current path is called a branch.

Resistors In Parallel
A parallel circuit provides more than one path
for current going from A to B, and the voltage
across each branch is the same.
IT
I1 I2 I3 I4
Total Parallel Resistance
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +…..+ In
IT
I1 I2 I3 In
Total Parallel Resistance
•By Ohm’s Law,
= + + + …… +
Total resistance in parallel,
= + + + …… +
Parallel Resistance
Example
Determine the total resistance between points A
and B in Figure.
A
B
Parallel Resistance
•Solution

= + +
= + + = 0.0767
Special Case of Two Resistors in
Parallel
• = +
=
Special Case of Two Resistors in
Parallel
• The total resistance for two resistors in parallel is equal
to the product of the two resistors divided by the sum of
the two resistors.
• With resistors connected in parallel, the total resistance

of the circuit decreases.
• The total resistance of the parallel circuit is always less

than the smallest resistance in the circuit.
Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits
Example: Determine the currents shown in the
figure.
•Solution

20mA
mA
mA
•Find
the source voltage . In the figure.
10mA
•Solution

= + + = 0.00733
Series-Parallel Relationships
• A series-parallel circuit consists of a
combination of both series and parallel
current paths.
• It is important to identify how the

components in a circuit are arranged in terms
of their series and parallel relationships.
• Figure 1 (a) shown an example of a series-
parallel combination of resistors.
• The resistance from point A to point B is R1.
• The resistance from point B to point C is R2

and R3 in parallel.
• The total resistance from point A to point C is
R1 in series with the parallel combination of R2
and R3 as shown in Figure 1 (b).
• When the circuit of Figure 1(b) is connected to
a voltage source as shown in Figure 1(c), the
total current is through and divides at point B
into two parallel paths.
• When another resistor R4 is connected in
series with R1, as shown in Figure 2(a).
• The resistance from point A to point B is now
R1 + R4, and this combination is in series with
the parallel combination of R2 and R3, as
shown in Figure 2(b).
• The new relationship is:

(R1 + R4) is in series with (R2//R3)
• The circuit can get more complex when R5 is
new connected in series with R2, as shown in
Figure 3.
• The series combination of R2 and R5 is now in
parallel with R3.
• The entire series-parallel combination is in

series with the series combination of R1 and
R4 .
• Relationship for the components in the circuit
of Figure 3 is:
(R1 + R4) in series with {(R2 + R5) // R3}

• Now, R6 is connected in parallel with the series
combination of R1 and R4 as shown in Figure 4.
• The series-parallel combination of R1, R4 and
R6 is now in series with the series-parallel
combination of R2, R3 and R5.
• The relationship for the components in the

circuit of Figure 4 is:
{(R1 + R4) // R6} in series with {(R2 + R5) // R3}

• Once the relationship for the components in a
circuit is clearly described, it is then easy to
apply circuit laws and rules to further circuit
analysis.
Example (1)
Describe the series-parallel combination
between point A and D in Figure 5.
Solution:
RAD = R1 + {R6//[R5 + (R4// (R2 + R3))]}

• Describe the new relationship if a resistor R7 is
connected from point C to point D in Figure 5.
(Answer: RAD = R1 + {R6//[(R5 // R7) + (R4 // (R2 +

R3))]}
Example (2)
Determine the total resistance between each
pair of terminals in Figure 6.
Solution
• RAB = R1 // (R2 + R3)
• RAC = R3 // (R1 + R2)
• RBC = R2 // (R1 + R3)

Example (3)
Determine the relationships of the resistor in
Figure 7.
Solution
• RAB = {[((R5 // R6) + R3) // R2] // (R1 + R4)} + R7

Example (4)
Find the total resistance across terminals A and
B for the circuit in Figure 8.
•Solution

• RT = R1 + (R2 // R3)
• RT = 10 + = 60Ω
Example (5)
Find the total resistance as seen across the
terminals of the 30V battery in Figure 9(a).
•Solution

• R23 = R2+ R3 = 47 + 47 = 94 Ω

• R45 = R4//R5 = = = 24.79 Ω

• R456 = R6 + R45 = 75 + 24.79 = 99.79 Ω
• R
AB =

• RAB = = 48.4 Ω
• RT = R1 + RAB
= 100 Ω + 48.4 Ω
= 148.4 Ω
•To find total current:
• IT = = = 202 A
Example (6)
Determine the current across I4 in figure 10 if
the source voltage is 50 V.
•Solution

R234 = R2 +
= 330 +
= 537.64 Ω
•I2 = = = 93 mA
I4 = 93 mA = 34.48 mA
Summary
• A series-parallel circuit is a combination of
both series and parallel current paths.
• To determine total resistance in a series-

parallel circuit, identify the series and parallel
relationships, and then apply the formulae for
series resistance and parallel resistance.
Summary
• To find the total current, apply Ohm's Law and
divide the total voltage by the total resistance.
• To determine branch currents, apply the

Current Divider Rule, Kirchhoff's Current Law,
or Ohm's Law.
• Consider each circuit problem individually to

determine the most appropriate method.
Summary
• To determine voltage drops across any portion
of a series-parallel circuit, use the Voltage
Divider Rule, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, or Ohm's
Law.
• Consider each circuit problem individually to

determine the most appropriate method.

Resistors Are in Series When They Are Connected Head-To-Tail and There Are No Other Wires Branching Off From The Nodes Between Components

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Resistors Are in Series When They Are Connected Head-To-Tail and There Are No Other Wires Branching Off From The Nodes Between Components

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Resistors in series

• Resistors are in series when they are

• Resistors in series share the same current.

For equal resistors,

• Such a circuit provides more than one current

• Each current path is called a branch.

Total resistance in parallel,

• With resistors connected in parallel, the total resistance

• The total resistance of the parallel circuit is always less

• It is important to identify how the

• The resistance from point A to point B is R1.

• The resistance from point B to point C is R2

• The new relationship is:

• The entire series-parallel combination is in

(R1 + R4) in series with {(R2 + R5) // R3}

• The relationship for the components in the

{(R1 + R4) // R6} in series with {(R2 + R5) // R3}

RAD = R1 + {R6//[R5 + (R4// (R2 + R3))]}

(Answer: RAD = R1 + {R6//[(R5 // R7) + (R4 // (R2 +

• RAB = R1 // (R2 + R3)

• RAC = R3 // (R1 + R2)

• RBC = R2 // (R1 + R3)

• RAB = {[((R5 // R6) + R3) // R2] // (R1 + R4)} + R7

• To determine total resistance in a series-

• To determine branch currents, apply the

• Consider each circuit problem individually to

• Consider each circuit problem individually to

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