BASIC STATISTICS

Course code: MATH-305

Saddam Hossain
Lecturer in Mathematics
Basic Science Division
World University of Bangladesh
Lecture Outcomes

Graphical
Representation of Data

Cumulative
Frequency
Histogram Frequency
Polygon
Polygon
 Graphical Representation of Data

The data which has been represented in the tabular form, can be displayed in pictorial form
by using a graph. A graphical presentation is the easiest way to depict a given set of data. A
graphical representation is a visual display of data and statistical results. It is often more
effective than presenting data in tabular form. There are different types of graphical
representation and which is used depends on the nature of the data and the type of statistical
results. Graphical representation is the visual display of data using plots and charts. It is
used in many academic and professional disciplines but most widely so in the fields of
mathematics, medicine and the sciences. Graphical representation helps to quantify, sort and
present data in a method that is understandable to a large variety of audiences. Several types
of mediums are used for expressing graphics, including plots, charts and diagrams.
Visualization techniques are ways of creating and manipulating graphical representations of
data. We use these representations in order to gain better insight and understanding of the
problem we are studying - pictures can convey an overall message much better than a list of
numbers.
Few commonly used graphical representations of data are listed below:
i. Histogram vi. Pie chart
ii. Bar diagram or Bar graph or Bar chart vii. Pictogram
iii. Frequency polygon viii. Line chart
iv. Cumulative frequency curve or Ogive ix. Stem leaf diagram
v. Line graph or stick graph x. Scatter diagram
 Histogram

 Histogram: It is one of the most popular method for presenting continuous frequency distribution
in a form of graph. From discrete frequency distribution to continuous frequency distribution, the
class interval becomes to where and indicate lower and upper limit of the class and is the jump
from one class to the next. In this type of distribution the upper limit of a class is the lower limit
of the following class. The histogram consists of series of rectangles, with its width equal to the
class interval of the variable on horizontal axis and the corresponding frequency on the vertical
axis as its heights. The steps in constructing a histogram are as follows:

Step 1: Construct a frequency distribution in table form.

Step2: Before drawing axes, decide on a suitable scale for horizontal axis then determine the
number of squares ( on the graph paper) required for the width of the graph.

Step 3: Draw bars equal width for each class interval. The height of a bar corresponds to the
frequency in that particular interval. The edge of a bar represents both the upper real limit for one
interval and the lower real limit for the next higher interval.

Step 4: Identify class intervals along the horizontal axis by using either real limit or midpoint of
class interval. In case of real limits, these will be placed under the edge of each bar. On the other
hand, if you use midpoint of class interval, it will be placed under the middle of each bar.

Step 5: Label both axes and decide appropriate title to the histogram.
 Histogram
 Ex. Form a continuous frequency distribution and draw a histogram for the following
data
30, 42, 30, 54, 40, 48, 15, 17, 51, 42, 25, 41, 30, 27, 42, 36, 28, 26, 37, 54, 44, 31, 36, 40, 36,
22, 30, 31, 19, 48, 16, 42, 32, 21, 22, 40, 33, 41, 21.

Solution: Let,
Number of classes = 8
Maximum value= 54
Minimum value=15
Class width

Continue
 Histogram
Continuous Frequency distribution Table:
Class Tally Frequency
14.5-19.5 |||| 4
19.5-24.5
19.5-24.5 ||||
|||| 4
4
24.5-29.5
24.5-29.5 ||||
|||| 4
4
29.5-34.5 |||| ||| 8
29.5-34.5 |||| ||| 8
34.5-39.5 |||| 4
34.5-39.5
39.5-44.5 ||||
|||| |||| 4
10
39.5-44.5
44.5-49.5 |||||||||| 10
2
44.5-49.5
49.5-54.5 ||
||| 2
3
49.5-54.5
  |||
  3
   

The histogram for the above data Histogram

12

10

8
Frequency

0
0 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 59.5 More
Class
 Histogram

Ex. Draw a histogram of results of 200 students on Academic achievement test

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Interval
Frequency 12 10 35 55 45 25 18

Solution: Given that,

The Results of 200 students on Academic achievement test is as

Class interval Frequency

10-20 12
20-30 10
30-40 35
40-50 55
50-60 45
60-70 25
70-80 18

Continue
 Histogram

The histogram for the above data

 Frequency Polygon
Frequency
  Polygon: In frequency polygon the mid-values of the continuous class intervals
are represent along -axis and the frequencies corresponding to the class intervals are
represent along the -axis. The class frequencies are plotted against the mid-values of the
respective class intervals. These points are then join by straight lines one after another. The
polygon thus obtained is called frequency polygon.
Ex. Show a frequency polygon for the following data
Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 10 20 35 25 10
Solution: Now we construct a frequency table for frequency polygon

Class Interval Mid-Point Frequency

0-10 5 10

10-20 15 20

20-30 25 35

30-40 35 25

40-50 45 10

Continue
 Frequency Polygon

Now we plot the points

40
35
30
25
Frequency

20
15
10
5
0
5 15 25 35 45
Mid-Point
 Frequency Polygon

Ex. Show a frequency polygon for the following data

Class 24.5-29.5 29.5-34.5 34.5-39.5 39.5-44.5 44.5-49.5 49.5-54.5 54.5-

Interval 59.6
Frequency 13 15 15 16 22 17 2

Solution: Now we construct a frequency table for frequency polygon

Class interval Mid-Point Frequency
24.5-29.5 27 13
29.5-34.5 32 15
34.5-39.5 37 15
39.5-44.5 42 16
44.5-49.5 47 22
49.5-54.5 52 17
54.5-59.5 57 2

Continue
 Frequency Polygon

Now we plot the points

Frequency Polygon
25

20

15
Frequency

10

0
27 32 37 42 47 52 57
Mid-Point
 Cumulative Frequency

Cumulative Frequency: 'Cumulative' means to add up as you go along. The graph of a

cumulative frequency distribution is known as cumulative frequency curve or ogive.
Consider this example showing the length of different pieces of string

Length Frequency
21-24 3
24-27 7
27-30 12
30-33 6
33-36 4

To turn this into a cumulative frequency table, we need a new column, one that adds up the
frequency column as it goes down.
Length Frequency Cumulative Frequency
21-24 3 3
24-27 7 10 (3+7)
27-30 12 22(3+7+12)
30-33 6 28 (3+7+12+6)
33-36 4 32(3+7+12+6+4)
Best Of Luck