1.

Define vibration
2. Describe the 3 types of vibration
3. Define air borne and structure borne
sound/vibration
4. List the vibration control
5. List the vibration isolation
6. With the aids of a diagram, describe
inertia block.
7. Identify the vibration isolators and
padding for the BS equipment
8. Describe mass spring and mass spring
with damper.
What is vibration?
Any vibration has two measurable quantities. How far
(amplitude or intensity), and how fast (frequency) the object
moves helps determine its vibration characteristics. The
terms used to describe this movement are frequency,
amplitude and acceleration.
Frequency
The number of cycles that a vibrating object
completes in one second is called
frequency..

Amplitude
measured in meters (m). The intensity of
vibration depends on amplitude.

Acceleration (measure of vibration intensity)

The speed of a vibrating object varies from zero to a maximum during each
cycle of vibration. Speed of vibration is expressed in units of meters per second
(m/s)
TYPES OF VIBRATIONS.
1. Periodic Vibration
Periodic motion is a motion that
repeats itself at definite intervals of
time.
Periodic vibration is a continuous vibration
repeated in equal intervals of time.
One complete cycle is called period.
2. Random Vibration:

• Random vibration is any vibration that

does not follow a pattern.
• It is present to some extent in a wide
variety of mechanical and electrical
systems.
• Cars on the highway and rockets
3. Transient Vibration: launching
This vibration occurs once when a
force is exerted to an object
It is an unbalanced sound that occurs
suddenly in a short time period
 Vibration is distributed through 2 methods:
1, Air borne sound Air borne sound is distributed
through air. Air in the atmosphere is
used as a medium to transfer sound
waves to another place.
Conversation, singing, shouting,
sounds emitted by animals, sounds of
wind instruments and strings
(instruments) that do not touch floor,
the sound of thunder are the
examples to airborne sounds.
Preventation methods
Air borne sound
1. Build walls as sound barriers.
2. Use plants/trees as sound
absorber.
3. Use sound absorber materials.
4. Place the sound source far from
the receivers.
Structure borne sound (bunyi bawaan struktur)
Structure borne sound is sound that is
propagated/forced through structures
as vibration and subsequently
radiated as sound.
1. Machinery noise; due to lifts,
plumbing, heating, ventilating and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems
2. Impact noise; objects dropping on the
floor, footsteps etc.
3. Vibrations due to heavy vehicles
It has negative effects on the building
structures such as :
1. Cracks in the structures.
2. Damage the building structures.
Preventation methods
Structure Borne sound
1. Use vibration absorbers, inertia block
2. Use sound isolation such as springs
 VIBRATION CONTROL
Engineering control.
Can be done in several ways :
1.Choose a silence machines.
• Silence machines & silencers.
• For example : centrifugal fan
• AC compressor needs sound
insulation/dampers/silencers.
2.Use machines that is suitable for its burden.
• Machines that are forced to work hard will
produced loud noise.
3.Schedule maintenance.
• Machines that are not maintain will produce loud
noise and will damage.
 VIBRATION CONTROL

Architecture control
1. Space arrangement
• Main space must be separated from the services area
• Avoid placing them directly on the floor or roof.
2. Use vibration isolators.
• Separate the equipment from the floor & roof - use
inertia block & fiber glass spring
3. Use the vibration isolation
• All vibrated equipments must be separated or lifted
using elastic isolators.
Examples : inertia block should be separated from
the floor using spring vibration isolators.
A vibration problem can also be nicely described by the same
source – path – receiver model we previously used to characterize
the noise control problem.

Source: a mechanical or fluid disturbance, generated

internally by the machine, such as unbalance, torque pulsations,
gear tooth meshing, fan blade passing, etc. These typical occur at
frequencies which are integer multiples of the rotating frequency
of the machine.

Path: the structural or airborne path by which the disturbance is

transmitted to the receiver

Receiver: the responding system, generally having many

natural frequencies which can potentially be excited by vibration
frequencies generated by the source.
 VIBRATION ISOLATION
the process of isolating an object, such as a piece of
equipment, from the source of vibrations.

VIBRATION ISOLATOR
• A flexible support for any form of vibrating or reverberating
machinery, piping, or ductwork, serving to reduce noise or
vibration
• The vibrations that are carried to the remainder of the
building structure.
Vibration isolation – spring

Vibration isolators Spring is enclosed

for hanging pipes by walls but they do
and air handling not touch the
unit ducting. spring.
Other types of vibration isolators
Elastic/resilient
materials reduce
vibration caused by
liquid velocity
movement –sanitation liquid
flow from the apparatus through
the wall in the sanitation pipe.

Vibration that transfer

through earth can be
prevented –
Build a ditch/drain that separate
the building from the source of
vibration
CHOOSING THE RIGHT VIBRATION
ISOLATORS AND PADDINGS.
Equipments on the roof
- Inertia Block and free spring.

Cooling tower
Enclosed spring, vibration isolators (rubber type or fiber glass)

Compressor
Concrete Inertia Block with free spring.

AHU
Depends on the type of AHU used.
Structured Vibration padding , enclosed spring, vibration isolators (rubber
or fiber glass).

Pump
Pump with a power less than 3.7kW needs vibration isolators (rubber/fiber
glass)
Pump with higher power needs inertia block and free spring.
Fan
If placed on the floor - Free Spring
Power not more than 3.7kW – structured foundation
Power more than 4.5kW – Vibration isolator – free spring.

Air Ducting System

Use spring or any suitable vibration isolator .

Lift& esclator
2 noise sources– produced by the equipment and banging/stamping on
of the car.
Reduce the vibration – attached/hung the track to the strong building
structures.
Elastic padding is placed at the places where vibration and loud noise
are produced.
Inertia Block
A concrete block which serves as a
base for mechanical equipment such
as fans or pumps; the block is
mounted on a resilient support to
reduce the transmission of vibration
to the building structure

Inertia block thickness is not less

than 150mm and usually made
from reinforced concrete and at
least the same weight as the
equipments.
 PROBLEMS AND PRACTICAL REMEDIES ON PUMPING
SYSTEM NOISE
Structure-borne Noise from Pumpsets
Vibration from an
operating pump set may
be transmitted to the
interior of the building
through building
structure when the
pump set is directly
mounted on a
supporting structure
without proper isolation.
The vibration
transmitted may activate
the building structure to
generate noise which
causes noise
disturbance to residents
inside the building.
Practical Remedies
Provide an inertia block to
support the pump set (see
Fig. 11) so as to add rigidity
and stability to the pumping
system, and provide
vibration isolators (see
Fig.11) to support the
inertia block, thereby
isolating it from the
building structure (see App.
VII and VIII).

Provide flexible connectors

between the pump and
associated pipe work,
thereby preventing the
vibration of the pumps et
being transmitted to the
pipe work .
Jisim (m)
1. Merupakan jasad yang rigid/kaku
2. Jisim yang menerima getaran akan menerima atau hilang tenaga kinetik
bergantung kepada perubahan halaju jasad
3. Kerja yang dilakukan adalah hasil darab daya dengan jarak (displacement)
Spring (k)
4. Mempunyai daya elastik dan dianggap ringan
5. Daya spring akan berlaku sekiranya spring berubah bentuk dan juga jika
terjadi anjakan
6. Spring mempunyai kekejangan atau kekenyalan yang memastikan ianya
cuba balik kebentuk asalnya apabila satu daya/beban dikenakan.
Rendaman©
7. Alat rendaman © tidak mempunyai sifat elastik
8. Daya rendaman akan berlaku sekiranya ada pergerakan dikedua hujung
9. Daya atau kerja yang berlaku akan dipindahkan kedalam rendaman yang
akan menukarkan tenaga kinetik kepada tenaga haba.
10. Ini akan menghentukan gerakan/getaran yang dihasilkan oleh beban
SISTEM JISIM PEGAS
Jisim pegas merupakan satu alat yang bersifat anjal
Ia boleh kembali ke bentuk asal selepas diberi tekanan kepadanya
Getaran satu jisim pegas ialah jisim bersambung dengan penyambung
tegar(spring) dan akan bergerak ke atas dan ke bawah secara pugak.
Gerakan ini menghasilkan amplitud getaran
MASS SPRING SYSTEM Breaking
point

Beban
Elongated spring will
reach its breaking
point that cause the
spring to lose its
Spring Spring
flexibility

HOOKE LAW
MASS
Force

FORCE

Spring which has the characteristic in elasticity will stop the vibration from
the ridged mass.The movement (upward and downward) of the vibrated mass
will cause the spring to elongated, the spring elasticity will cause the spring
to go back to its original form and stop the vibration.
MASS SPRING WITH DAMPER

A vibratory force, f(t), is applied to the

mass, inducing response vibration
displacement, X(t). The movement
upwards and down wards of the ridged
mass will cause the spring to compress.
The spring flexibility will force the spring
to go to its original form. This will stop the
vibration. The dash pot which contain oil
will absorb the kinetic energy from the
vibration and turn it into heat energy. The
heat transfer will stop the kinetic energy
(vibration).