SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & ICT

COURSE : MATHEMATICS 1
COURSE CODE: BUS 1014

Chapter 2 : Polynomials
Prepared by: Mr.Thavanayagam

If its important to you, you will find a way. If its not, you’ll find an excuse.

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 2.1 Linear Expressions and Equations
• An equation is a statement that asserts the equality of two
expressions.
• These admissible values of the variable, if any, that result in
a true statement are called solutions, or roots, of the
equation.
• To solve an equation means to find all the solutions of the
equation.

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 2.1 Linear Expressions and Equations
•A
  linear equation in one variable is an equation equivalent
in form to

.
where are real numbers and ,

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 2.1 Linear Expressions and Equations
Solving a linear equation
Example 1

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 2.1 Linear Expressions and Equations
Solving an Equation that Leads to a Linear Equation
Example 2

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 2.1 Linear Expressions and Equations
An Equation with no Solution
Example 3

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 2.1 Linear Expressions and Equations
Problems that can be modeled by linear equations
Example 4
Business: Discount Pricing A builder of tract homes reduced
the price of a model by 15%. If the new price is $425,000,
what was its original price? How much can be saved by
purchasing the model?

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
•  A quadratic equation is an equation that can be expressed
in the form

where a, b, and c are real numbers and .

• It is known as standard form.

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
• The solutions of a quadratic equation are the roots of the
equation. A quadratic equation has two roots.
• There are five common methods to solve a quadratic
equation
• Method 1:Graphing
• Method 2: factorization, when the quadratic expression
can be factorised easily.
• Method 3 : Completing the square
• Method 4 : By using the quadratic formula.
• Method 5 : Numerical Method

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Solving a Quadratic Equation by factoring
Example 5

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
• 
Solving a Quadratic Equation using the quadratic
formula
The Quadratic formula

• If , this equation has real solutions

• If , this equation has NO real solutions

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
•   Quadratic formula
The
The quantity is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation,
because its value tells us whether the equation has real solutions. In fact,
it also tells us how many solutions to expect.

• If , the equation has two real and equal roots

or a repeated real root and roots will be
integers or fractions.
• If , the equation has two real and distinct roots.
• If , the equation has two real roots.
• If , the equation has no real roots or two complex roots.

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Example 6
Determine the nature of the roots for each of the following
quadratic equations

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Example 7
Solve following quadratic equations using the quadratic
formula.

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Equations which can be reduced to Quadratic Equations
using suitable substitutions
Example 8

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 2.2 Quadratic Expressions and Equations
Solving Problems that can be modeled by Quadratic
equations.
Example 9
Student Working A study found that a student’s GPA,g, is
related to the number of hours worked each week, h, by the
equation
Estimate the number of hours worked each week for a
student with a GPA of 2.97. Round to the nearest whole hour.
.

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 2.3 Factors and Polynomials
A polynomial is an expression of the form

where
(a) is a non-negative integer and also is the degree of the
polynomials.
(b) are the coefficients.
(c) is a variable.

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 2.3 Factors and Polynomials
Adding, subtracting and multiplying polynomials
Example 10
Given
; and
Find an expression for
(a)
(b)
(c)

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 2.3 Factors and Polynomials
Division of Polynomials ( long division)
Example 11
Simplify each of the following
(a)
(b)
(c)

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 2.3 Factors and Polynomials
The Factor Theorem
(i) when a polynomial is divided by , if
then is a factor of .

(ii) when a polynomial is divided by , if

then is a factor of .

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 2.3 Factors and Polynomials
The Factor Theorem
Example 12
Show that is a factor of .

(a) algebraic method

(b) the factor theorem

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 2.3 Factors and Polynomials
The Factor Theorem
Example 13
Find the value of a given that is a factor
of .

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 2.4 Partial Fractions
Decomposition of Rational functions as sum of fractions with
a simple denominator
1) Denominator with linear factors
Corresponding to a linear factor in the denominator,

there is a partial fraction of the form , where is a

constant.
Example 1

Express in partial fractions.

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 2.4 Partial Fractions
2) Denominator with irreducible quadratic factors
Corresponding to an irreducible quadratic factor in

the denominator, there is a partial fraction of the form

,where and are constants.

Example 2

Express in partial fractions.

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 2.4 Partial Fractions
3) Denominator with repeated linear factors
Corresponding to a repeated linear factor in the
denominator, there are partial fractions of the form

, where and are constants.

Example 3

Express in partial fractions.

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 2.4 Partial Fractions
4) Highest degree of the numerator is the same or greater
than the highest degree of the denominator.
The fraction is said to be an improper fraction.

Two methods for rearranging the improper fractions into

expressions that are proper fractions.
Method 1 : Long division
Method 2 : Algebraic “juggling”.

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 2.4 Partial Fractions
4)
Example 4

Express in partial fractions.

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 2.5 Inequalities

1) General Properties of Inequalities

2) Inequalities involving
a) linear expressions
b) Quadratic expressions
c) Polynomial expressions

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 2.5 Inequalities
1) General Properties of Inequalities
If , where and are real numbers, then

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 1
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 2
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 3
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 4
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 5
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 6
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.5 Inequalities
Example 7
Solve the following inequalities.

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Factorial , n! where n is a positive integer.

.
By definition

Example 1
Evaluate
(a) 5! (b) 9!

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Binomial Coefficients

where n and r are non negative integers.

Example 2
Evaluate

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Expansion of
For any positive integer ,

where

The expansion is finite

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Example 3
Use the binomial theorem to expand .

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Example 4
Use the binomial theorem to expand .

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Example 5
Use the binomial theorem to find the first three terms of
in ascending powers of .

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Expansion of
For any non-positive integer ,

The expansion is infinite

Expansion is only valid if

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Example 6
Use the binomial theorem to find the first three terms of
in ascending powers of .

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Example 7
Use the binomial theorem to find the first three terms of
in ascending powers of .

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 2.6 The Binomial Theorem
Example 8
Use the binomial theorem to find the first three terms of
in ascending powers of .

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