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• Head
The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical column of the liquid
which, due to its weight, exerts a pressure equal to the pressure at the point in question. The height of this
column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid. The static head corresponding to
any specific pressure is dependent upon the weight of the liquid according to the following formula. A
Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid. This velocity energy is then transformed largely into pressure
energy as the liquid leaves the pump. Therefore, the head developed is approximately equal to the velocity
energy at the periphery of the impeller This relationship is expressed by the following well-known formula:
Where
H = Total head developed in feet.
v = Velocity at periphery of impeller in feet per sec.
g = 32.2 Feet/Sec2
• We can predict the approximate head of any centrifugal pump by calculating the peripheral velocity of the
impeller and substituting into the above formula. A handy formula for peripheral velocity is:
• D = Impeller diameter in inches
• V = Velocity in ft./sec
07/12/2021 Amir Wagdy Elkorashy 1

• Head
The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a
vertical column of the liquid which, due to its weight, exerts a pressure equal to
the pressure at the point in question. The height of this column is called the
static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid. The static head
corresponding to any specific pressure is dependent upon the weight of the
liquid according to the following formula.
P = H* (ρ * g)
= H * SG
Where
P = Pressure of liquid in Pa
H = Total head developed in meter.
ρ = Density in Kg/m3.
g = 9.8 m/ sec2
D : Internal diameter of pipe
f : pipe friction factor
g : Acceleration due to gravity
h : Head loss
K : Resistance Coefficient
L : Length as indicated
V : Average velocity
K=f(L/D)for Pipe Practice Fluid Velocity 3 m/s

K= values from tables for fitting
where L/D is the equivalent length.
h=K(V
2 / 2g)
What is Cavitation?
Cavitation is the phenomena of collapse of liquid bubbles which was formed due to very low pressure
below vapour pressure and later pressure increase again more than vapour pressure. This collapse
result in formation of Liquid droplets of high Kinetic Energy which repeatedly sending a shock wave
into the surface of the liquid container
The most important part is impeller which is a rotating part and damage result in unbalancing of
rotor

Regenerative Turbine Pump

Wear
Fretting
Abrasive
Erosion
Corrosion
Cavitation

What is NPSH?
NPSH is an acronym that stands for Net Positive Suction Head. NPSH is a measure of the absolute pressure
present in a liquid.
There are two ways of expressing NPSH relative to a centrifugal pumping system:
•NPSHa: The Net Positive Suction Head Available at the pump impeller inlet.
•NPSHr: The Net Positive Suction Head Required by the pump to operate without experiencing damaging
cavitation and a dramatic reduction in pumping production.
A good rule-of-thumb is to require that NPSHa be greater than NPSHr by at least 10% and not less
than 5 Ft.

NPSHr vs. NPSH3
How does a pump manufacturer determine the NPSHr of a pump at a given operating condition? They do
so by operating the pump continuously at a steady flow, reducing the NPSHa, and measuring the TDH
produced by the pump. What they are watching for is a sudden reduction in TDH. When they observe
that sudden reduction, the NPSHa at that point is established as the pump's NPSHr.
But who decides how far TDH must fall in order to establish the NPSHr of the pump at that operating
condition? One manufacturer might say that a 1% reduction in TDH marks NPSHr, another might say that
a 3% reduction in TDH should be observed to determine NPSHr, finally, a third wants to see a 5%
reduction in TDH before establishing the pump's NPSHr. The NPSHr values established by watching for a
1%, 3%, and 5% reduction in TDH will be considerable and result in pumps that have considerably
different NPSHr curves even though they exhibit identical perform.
This is where NPSH3 comes into the equation. NPSH3 is a value of NPSHr established on the basis of a
3% reduction in TDH. In other words, during NPSH testing, when a 3% reduction in TDH is measured, the
NPSHa at that point is established as the pump's NPSH3 or NPSHr. Using NPSH3 rather than NPSHr
ensures that pump manufacturers are using the same reduction in TDH to establish a pump's NPSHr.

What is Specific Speed (Ns)?
Specific speed, or Ns, is an index of impeller design that describes the relationship between the amount of
head generated by the rotation of an impeller relative to the amount of flow produced by the impeller.

What are the Affinity Laws?
The affinity laws are a set of forumlas that predict the impact of a change in rotational speed or impeller
diameter on the head and flow produced by a pump and power demanded by a pump.

What is Impeller Trim?
The performance of a centrifugal pump can be
modified by changing the diameter of the impeller.
The impeller trim is the finished ouside diameter of
the impeller.

Pump Curve

Peristaltic Pump

Progressive Cavity

Gear Pump

Lobe Pump

Screw Pump

Double Diaphram Pump

Centrifugal Pump theory

Impeller types

Stationary Components

Casing
Casings are generally of two types: volute and circular. The impellers are fitted inside the casings.
1. Volute casings
build a higher head; circular casings are used for low head and high capacity.
o A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port as shown in Figure B.03. As
the area of the cross-section increases, the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and increases the
pressure of the liquid.
o One of the main purposes of a volute casing is to help balance the hydraulic pressure on the shaft
of the pump. However, this occurs best at the manufacturer's recommended capacity. Running
volute-style pumps at a lower capacity than the manufacturer recommends can put lateral stress on
the shaft of the pump, increasing wear-and-tear on the seals and bearings, and on the shaft itself.
Double- volute casings are used when the radial thrusts become significant at reduced capacities
2. Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller periphery that convert
velocity energy to pressure energy. Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to multi-stage pumps.
The casings can be designed either as solid casings or split casings.
Solid casing implies a design in which the entire casing including the discharge nozzle is all
contained in one casting or fabricated piece
3- Diffuser Type
Split casing implies two or more parts are fastened together. When the casing parts are divided by
horizontal plane, the casing is described as horizontally split or axially split casing. When the split is
in a vertical plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the casing is described as vertically split or
radially split casing. Casing Wear rings act as the seal between the casing and the impeller.
Casing Types

• Rotating Components
• 1. Impeller
• The impeller is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid. They are
often classified in many ways.
• o Based on major direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation
• Radial flow
• Axial flow
• Mixed flow
• o Based on suction type

• Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side.
• Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both sides.
• o Based on mechanical construction

• Closed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes.
• Open: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.
• Semi-open, or vortex type.

Wear Rings
Three types of wearing rings are shown in Figure
L-shaped wearing ring shown in Figure a has a simple design,
T-shaped ring shown in Figure c provides
a clearance space with longer flow passage between the high
and low pressure sides of the rings.This creates higher
resistance to the motion of the leaking fluid.
The presence of relief chambers adds more resistance and both
effects tend to reduce losses. On the other hand, the initial cost
and the cost of maintenance of the wearing rings increase as
the design gets more complicated. Due to the presence of small
solid particles in almost all liquids, the surface of the wearing
rings erodes with time, causing larger clearance. This effect
tends to produce a higher rate of leakage and lower
volumetric efficiency. In addition, the rate of leakage gets
higher as Δp increases.

2. Shaft
The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques encountered when starting and during operation while
supporting the impeller and other rotating parts. It must do this job with a deflection less than the minimum clearance between
the rotating and stationary parts.

o Shaft Sleeve Pump shafts are usually protected from erosion, corrosion, and wear at the seal chambers, leakage joints,
internal bearings, and in the waterways by renewable sleeves. Unless otherwise specified, a shaft sleeve of wear, corrosion,
and erosion resistant material shall be provided to protect the shaft. The sleeve shall be sealed at one end. The shaft sleeve
assembly shall extend beyond the outer face of the seal gland plate. (Leakage between the shaft and the sleeve should not be
confused with leakage through the mechanical seal).

o Coupling: Couplings can compensate for axial growth of the shaft and transmit torque to the impeller. Shaft couplings can be
broadly classified into two groups: rigid and flexible. Rigid couplings are used in applications where there is absolutely no
possibility or room for any misalignment. Flexible shaft couplings are more prone to selection, installation and maintenance
errors. Flexible shaft couplings can be divided into two basic groups: elastomeric and non-elastomeric

? Elastomeric couplings use either rubber or polymer elements to achieve flexibility. These elements can either be in shear or in
compression. Tire and rubber sleeve designs are elastome r in
shear couplings; jaw and pin and bushing designs are elastomer in compression couplings.
? Non-elastomeric couplings use metallic elements to obtain flexibility. These can be one of two

Types : Lubricated or Non-Lubricated
Lubricated designs accommodate misalignment by the sliding action of their components, hence the need for lubrication.
The non-lubricated designs accommodate are examples of non-elastomeric, lubricated couplings. Disc and diaphragm
couplings are non-elastomeric and nonlubricated.

• Auxilliary Components
• Auxiliary components generally include the following piping systems for the following
• services:
• o Seal flushing , cooling , quenching systems
• o Seal drains and vents
• o Bearing lubrication , cooling systems
• o Seal chamber or stuffing box cooling, heating systems
• o Pump pedestal cooling systems
• Auxiliary piping systems include tubing, piping, isolating valves, control valves, relief valves, temperature
gauges and thermocouples, pressure gauges, sight flow indicators, orifices, seal flush coolers, dual seal
barrier/buffer fluid reservoirs, and all related vents and drains. All auxiliary components shall comply with
the requirements as per standard codes like API 610 (refinery services), API 682 (shaft sealing systems) etc.

Multi Stage Pump

Radial Thrusts in Centrifugal Pumps

Axial Thrust
Axial thrust represents the axial component of the unbalanced
force acting on the pump impeller. This force arises mainly from
the non-uniformity of the pressure distributions in the axial
direction. The pressure distributions at the front and back
shrouds of the centrifugal pump
impeller are shown in Figure 4.1. The figure shows lower
pressure (suction pressure,ps) acting
at the impeller inlet eye while the corresponding area at the
back shroud is acted upon by a higher pressure, since it is open
to the pressure prevailing in the volute casing (pvol.
).
An additional axial force results also from the change of fluid
linear momentum as it flows
through the impeller.

Balancing Axial Thrust
Using Pump-out Vanes

Balancing Axial Thrust Using Balancing Chambers
• Balancing chamber with balancing holes

Balancing Axial Thrust Using Balancing
Chambers
• Balancing chamber with balancing drum
• . The drum has two parts: one stationary (fixed with the casing) and the
other mounted on the shaft, A balancing chamber is located on the right
side of the drum and is subjected to the suction pressure. The left side of
the drum is subjected to the high pressure prevailing in the volute of the
last stage of the pump. The drum can be sized so that the pressure
difference between the two sides creates a pressure force equal and
opposite to the axial thrust. The main advantage of the balancing drum
is the reduction of the balancing devices/components for multistage
pumps to only one device. The disadvantages are almost the same as
those mentioned in using impellers with balancing holes. Also, using a
balancing drum makes the pump operation sensitive to any
vibrations/misalignment. The labyrinth balancing drum is designed to
minimize the rate of leakage through the clearance space between the
stationary and rotating parts of the drum. The addition of two pressure
relief chambers helps to increase the resistance to the fluid motion and
accordingly reduces the rate of leakage. Using the labyrinth balancing
drum tends to increase the initial cost of the pump as well as the cost of
maintenance. In addition, the pump becomes more sensitive to both
radial and axial misalignment.

Balancing Axial Thrust Using Balancing
Chambers
Balancing chamber with balancing disk
two designs of balancing disks used to balance the axial thrust in
multistage pumps.
In the first design a balancing disk is again subjected on the right side to
the lowest pressure in the system (suction pressure) while being subjected
on the left side to the pressure in the volute casing of the last pump stage.
The large area of the disk creates a large force that may be needed for
balancing the axial thrust.
Second design is different design in which a disk–drum combination is

used with a long radial clearance to
reduce fluid leakage from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side.
The added relief
chamber creates higher resistance to the flow of the leaking fluid.

Balancing Axial Thrust Using Back to Back
Impellers

Sharpening of impeller blade trailing edges
By sharpening the impeller blades on

the suction side (also called underfiling),
the outlet angle can be enlarged to
obtain up to 5% more head near the
best efficiency point, depending on the
outlet angle. At least 2 mm must be left .
In this way efficiency can be improved
Slightly
Where stage pressures are high,

underfiling must be carried out with
great care on account of the high static
and dynamic stresses involved.

In general, an oblique trim according to increases
the shut-off pressure compared with parallel
trimming and guards
against a characteristic drooping towards Q = 0.
The trim angle is mostly selected between 5° and
15°

Inducers

Baseplate
• A fabricated (or cast) metal structure used to

mount, support, and align, machinery and its
auxiliary components.
• Baseplates may be directly grouted to concrete
foundations (after proper leveling) or bolted to pre-
grouted chockplates
7/12/21 Eng. Eid Saleh- Eng. Amir Wagdy 69

Chockplate
• A solid steel (or alloy steel) plate with a machined top

surface that is grouted to a concrete foundation to
support and maintain alignment of a machinery
structural steel baseplate

Soleplate
• A solid steel (or alloy steel) plate with a machined top

surface that is grouted to a concrete foundation to
support and maintain alignment of machinery.

Mounting plate
• A device used to attach equipment to concrete

foundations; includes baseplates, soleplates, and
chockplates. A mounting plate is a base-support
mechanism for the attached machinery and all
individual pieces of machinery are expected to be
removable from the mounting plate as a single
assembly

Grout
• An epoxy or cementatious material used to provide a

uniform foundation support and load transfer link for
the installation of rotating machinery. This material is
typically placed between a piece of equipment's
concrete foundation and its mounting plate

Cementatious grout
• A type of grout material that is portland cement based.
Epoxy grout
• A type of grout material that consists of a resin base
that is mixed with a curing agent (hardener) and
usually an aggregate filler

Grout pin
• A metallic pin or dowel used to tie an epoxy grout

pour to its concrete foundation to prevent
delamination (or edge lifting) due to differential
thermal expansion between the grout and the
concrete.

What is the Hydraulic Institute?
The Hydraulic Institute is an association of pump industry manufacturers in North America that develops and
publishes the most frequently cited pump standards for the water and wastewater applications.

Most centrifugal pumps procured for water or wastewater applications - including those in the
municipal, HVAC, plumbing, industrial, and fire-protection markets - are designed in
accordance with Hydraulic Institute Standards. Some of the most-used HI Standards include:
•Hydraulic Performance Acceptance Tests ANSI/HI 14.6: Testing methods and acceptance grades are
defined for all types of rotodynamic (centrifugal) pumps other than submersible pumps.
•Hydraulic Performance, Hydrostatic Pressure, Mechanical, and Electrical Acceptance Tests ANSI/HI
11.6
:Testing methods and acceptance grades are defined for submersible pumps.
•Vibration Analysis and Allowable Values ANSI/HI 9.6.4: This standard defines acceptable vibration levels
for all types of centrifugal pumps.
•General Guidelines ANSI/HI 9.1-9.5: This standard defines basic pump types, materials of construction,
and sound testing guidelines and procedures.
•HI Program Guide for Pump Test Laboratory Approval HI 40.7: This standard establishes a pump test
lab inspection, approval, and audit program.
•Manuals Describing Installation, Operation, and Maintenance ANSI/HI 1.4: This manual is designed to
assist pump manufacturers in developing IOM manuals.
•Guideline for NPSH Margin ANSI/HI 9.6.1: This guideline assists pump system designers and specifiers
to determine the appropriate margin that should be maintained between the NPSH available at pump suction
(NPSHa) and the NPSH required by the pump (NPSHr or NPSH3).
•Pump Intake Design ANSI/HI 9.8: This standard assists pump station designers to properly size and design
pump intake structures.

• End Suction Pumps
• These affordable and versatile pumps are the most common type of centrifugal pump. They
are used in all types of applications to pump all sorts of liquids. If you're looking for a pump
that is affordable, readily available, with good efficiency, and reasonable longevity, you won't
go wrong with an end-suction pump.
• Submersible Pumps
• Submersibles are the type of pump most used for wastewater pumping. However, that isn't
all they can be used for. They're also a great option for raw water intake and any application
where vertical pumps or self-primers are also being considered.
• Vertical Inline Pumps
• What do you get when you turn an end-suction pump on-end and cast a suction-elbow into
the casing? A vertical inline pump. This space-saving design can be considered for a wide
range applications.

• Split-Case Pumps
• The workhorse of the municipal and power generation worlds. Split-case pumps are commonly used for
large-capacity pumping of water and other clear liquids when efficiency and durability are most
important.
• Solids Handling Pumps
• Equipped with impellers with large openings, solids-handling pumps are used in wastewater pumping
applications as well as dewatering of construction sites and mining operations.
• Vertical Turbine Pumps
• These versatile pumps are used in every industry and for every type of clear liquid pumping application.
• Self-Priming Pumps
• Pump users who aren't crazy about submersibles often switch to self-priming pumps the next time a
pump needs to be replaced. These units are often used for pumping wastewater and for dewatering
applications.

Pump Classification

overhung

Between Bearing

Vertical Suspension

Centrifugal Pump types

Packing
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Mechanical Seal- Contact Type
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API 682-3rd Edition Mechanical Seal
• Category 1 seals are intended for use innon-ISO13709 pump seal

chambers, preferably meeting the dimensional requirements of ASME
B73.1, ASME B73.2 and ISO 3069 Type C seal chamber dimensions
and their application is limited to seal chamber temperatures from-
40°C(-40°F) to 260°C(500°F)and absolute pressures up to 2,2 MPa (22
bar) (315 psi).
• Category 2 seals are intended for use in seal chambers meeting the
chamber envelope dimensional requirements of ISO 13709. Their
application is limited to seal chamber temperatures from -40°C(-40°F)
to 400°C (750°F) and absolute pressures up to 4,2 MPa (42 bar) (615
psi).
• Category 3 provides the most rigorously tested and documented seal
design. It is required that the entire seal cartridge is qualification
tested as an assembly in the required fluid. They meet the seal
chamber envelope requirements of ISO 13709 (or equal). Their
application is limited to seal chamber temperatures from-40 °C (-40
°F) to 400 °C (750°F) and absolute pressures up to 4,2 MPa (42 bar)
(615 psi).
• Type A seal is a balanced, inside-mounted, cartridge design, pusher seal with multiple
springs and inwhich the flexible element normally rotates. Secondary sealing elements
are elastomeric O-rings.Materials are specified in Clause 6. Guidance on equivalent
materials standards is given in Annex B.Figure 7 depicts a Type A seal.
• Type B seal is a balanced, inside-mounted, cartridge design, non-pusher (metal
bellows) seal in which the flexible element normally rotates. Secondary sealing
elements are elastomeric O-rings. Materials are specified in Clause 6. Guidance on
equivalent materials standards is given in Annex B. Figure 8 depicts a Type B seal. A
metal bellows seal offers the advantage of having only static secondary seals. It may be
specified instead of the standard Type A seal for low temperature service.
• Type C seal is a balanced, inside-mounted, cartridge-design non-pusher (metal
bellows) seal in which the flexible element is normally stationary. Secondary sealing
elements are flexible graphite
• Type A and Type B seals are suitable for temperatures up to

176°C(350°F).Type C seals are for high temperatures up to 400°C
(750°F).
• Arrangement 1: Seal configurations having one seal per cartridge

assembly;
• Arrangement 2: Seal configuration having two seals per cartridge
assembly, with the space between the seals at a pressure less than
the seal chamber pressure.
• Arrangement 3: Seal configurations having two seals per cartridge
assembly, utilizing an externallysupplied barrier fluid at a pressure
greater than the seal chamber pressure.
• Arrangement 2 and Arrangement 3 seals can be in the following three

orientations:
• face-to-back: dual seal configuration in which one mating ring is
mounted between the two flexible elements and one flexible element
is mounted between the two mating rings;
• back-to-back: dual seal configuration in which both of the flexible
elements are mounted between the mating rings; and
• face-to-face: dual seal configuration in which both of the mating rings
are mounted between the flexible elements.
New technology designs and sealing methods are also considered, as follows:
• Contacting wet (CW) seals: seal design where the mating faces are not
designed to intentionally create aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces to
sustain a specific separation gap (refer to definitions);
• Non-contacting (NC) seals (whether wet or dry): seal design where the
mating faces are designed to intentionally create aerodynamic or
hydrodynamic separating forces to sustain a specific separation gap;(refer to
definitions)
• Containment seals (CS), whether contacting or non-contacting: seal design
with one flexible element, seal ring and mating ring mounted in the
containment seal chamber.
A stationary flexible-
element seal shall be
provided if seal-face
surface speed at the mean
diameter of the seal face
exceeds 23 m/s (4 500
ft/min).
Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rotors
Tronix
Definition and Terminology of Balancing

GA ( Geometric Axis)
PIA ( Principle Inertia Axis)
What is Run out?
What is Balancing?
Static balancing definition and application,
Dynamic balance definition and application
What is the disadvantage of Unbalancing?
What is the advantage of Balancing?
ISO 1925 Terminology
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GA & PIA
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GA
The geometric centerline being the physical centerline of the rotor.
PIA
rotating centerline” as opposed to “geometric centerline”. The
rotating centerline being defined as the axis about which the rotor
would rotate if not constrained by its bearings
When the two centerlines are coincident, then the rotor will be in a
state of balance.
When they are apart, the rotor will be unbalanced.

Tronix

Rotor Run out
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Definition of Unbalance & Balancing

Unbalance:
in a rotor is the result of an uneven distribution of mass , which causes rotor to vibrate . the
vibration is produced by the interaction of an unbalanced mass component with the radial
acceleration due to rotation , which together generate a centrifugal force .
Balancing is the process of attempting to improve the mass distribution of a rotor ,so that it
rotates in its bearing s without uncompensated centrifugal forces
Field Balancing :
is the process of balancing a rotor on its own Bearing and structure
Concepts of Shaft Alignment

Definition of Shaft Ends and Shaft Alignment
What is Advantage of Alignment?

• Some of the common symptoms of misalignment are
• as follows:
• 1. Premature bearing, seal, shaft, or coupling failures.
• 2. Elevated temperatures at or near the bearings or high discharge oil temperatures.
• 3. Excessive amount of lubricant leakage at the bearing seals.
• 4. Certain types of flexible couplings will exhibit higher than normal temperatures when
• running or will be hot immediately after the unit is shut down. If the coupling is an
• elastomeric type, look for rubber powder inside the coupling shroud.
• 5. Similar pieces of equipment seem to have a longer operating life.
• 6. Unusually high number of coupling failures or they wear quickly.
• 7. The shafts are breaking (or cracking) at or close to the inboard bearings or coupling
• Hub
• s. . Excessive amounts of grease (or oil) on the inside of the coupling guard.
• 9. Loose foundation bolts, typically caused by a ‘‘soft foot’’ condition, are exacerbated by
• misalignment.
• 10. Loose or broken coupling bolts. This is frequently due to improperly torquing the
• coupling bolts and aggravated by a misalignment condition

Types of Misalignment
Angular – the shafts are not in the

Offset, or Parallel – the shafts same plane, which causes a
are parallel to each other, but difference in measurement between
are not co-planar, or in the measurements made 180 degrees
opposite on the coupling faces
same plane. This can be both
vertical and horizontal.

Angular Misalignment

• Rough
Alignment
• Rim& Face
with dial
Indicator
• Cross
• Laser
Alignment

Pre-Alignment Checks
• Do you notice any cracks in the floor around the base? Can you
feel vibration in the floor?
• Does the coupling insert have excessive backlash?
• Are the coupling flanges tight to the shaft?
• Are set screws and bolts tight?
• Are keys in place?
• Are the hubs concentric? You may be able to align an eccentric
hub, but may cause vibration, and make you look bad, if you miss
it.
• Does the coupling guard clear the coupling?
• How clean is the area?
• Soft foot is not limited to just under the motor feet. It can happen
between a riser and frame, and between a frame and a floor.
• Are there jackbolts? Are they screwed tight to the motor?

Factors that the engineer should take into account before embarking on a
dial indicator alignment task
Indicator bracket sag: This should always be measured before actual alignment readings are taken - no
matter how solid the bracket appears. See section on measuring sag.
Internal friction / hysteresis: Sometimes the gauge has to be tapped in order for the indicator needle to
settle on its final value.
1 mil resolution: Up to 0.5 mil rounding error may occur with each reading. This may be compounded
several times in a full set of readings.
Reading errors: Simple errors occur when dials are read under difficult conditions and severe time
constraints.
Play in mechanical linkage: slight amounts of play may go unnoticed but will produce large reading
errors.
Tilted dial indicators: The gauge may not be mounted perpendicular to the measurement surface so
that part of the displacement reading is lost.
Axial shaft play: This will affect face readings taken to measure angularity unless two axial gauges are
used.

Rim and Face Dial Indicator Method
• The measuring device for this type of alignment is a dial
indicator. The Dial hand indicates, or points, to increments
marked on the dial face. As the foot is pushed into the body,
the dial hand rotates clockwise. The number of indicator
marks that the hand moves is equal to the distance that the
foot was pushed into the body. When the foot travels out from
the body the dial hand similarly indicates the travel distance.
The dial count is positive when the foot travels in and
negative travelling out



Tronix
Terminology of Balancing
Balancing
procedure by which the mass distribution of a rotor is checked and, if necessary, adjusted to
ensure that the residual unbalance or the vibration of the journals and/or forces on the bearings at
a frequency corresponding to service speed are within specified limits
[ISO 1925:2001, definition 4.1] Subject
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What is the difference of Static balancing and dynamic balancing?

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Terminology of Balancing
initial unbalance
unbalance of any kind that exists in the rotor before balancing
[ISO 1925:2001, definition 3.11]
residual unbalance
final unbalanceunbalance of any kind that remains after balancing
[ISO 1925:2001, definition 3.10]
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Advantage of Balance
· Minimize vibration
Unbalance is still the major source of machine vibration.
· Minimize noise
Airborne noise is often directly attributable to mechanical vibration.
· Minimize structural stress
The forces produced by unbalance have to be absorbed by the surrounding structure.
· Minimize operator fatigue and annoyance
Exposure to high levels of vibration and noise affects operator efficiency.
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Advantage of Balance
· Increase machine life
The time between outages can be extended if the machine is running smoothly.
· Increase bearing life
Bearings bear the brunt of the unbalance forces.
· Increase product quality
Minimum vibration, especially on machine tools, produces better parts.
· Increase personnel safety
Dangers associated with machine failure are minimized.
· Increase productivity
Machines running smoothly have more “uptime” availability
· Lower operating costs
Extra machines are not required “just in case” of breakdowns. Spare capacity is kept to a
minimum. Energy consumption is reduced.
Tronix

1- Reason of rotor imbalance
2- Vibration
3- Vibration Analysis
4- Vibration Diagnostics
5- Rigid Rotor
6- Flexible, Rotor,
Tronix
Balancing is Science, Technology and Art

Rotor balancing involves all three of the above parameters.
Science – theory and calculations

Technology – equipment and methods
Art – the secrets to effective use of the science and technology

07/12/2021 Amir Wagdy Elkorashy 1

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07/12/2021 Amir Wagdy Elkorashy 1

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07/12/2021 Amir Wagdy Elkorashy 1

K=f​(L/D)​​for Pipe Practice Fluid Velocity 3 m/s

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• o Based on suction type

• o Based on mechanical construction

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• Balancing chamber with balancing holes

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Second design is different design in which a disk–drum combination is

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By sharpening the impeller blades on

Where stage pressures are high,

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• A fabricated (or cast) metal structure used to

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• A solid steel (or alloy steel) plate with a machined top

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• A solid steel (or alloy steel) plate with a machined top

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• A device used to attach equipment to concrete

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• An epoxy or cementatious material used to provide a

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• A type of grout material that is portland cement based.

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• A metallic pin or dowel used to tie an epoxy grout

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K=f(L/D)for Pipe Practice Fluid Velocity 3 m/s