Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Production Technologies
Ayema Aduku
Oluwaseun Harris
Valerie Rivera
Miguel Bagajewicz
University of Oklahoma
Outline
LNG Background
Objective
Simulation Specifications
Liquefaction Techniques
Heat Exchanger Types
Simulation Method
Results
Flow Diagram for a Typical LNG Plant
NATURAL GAS CO22/H22S REMOVAL
DEHYDRATION
TRANSPORTATION
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Basics
Combustible mixture of hydrocarbons
Dry VS. Wet
NGL Extraction
Dehydration/Scrubbing
Liquefied Natural Gas
Target
temperature for Natural gas:-260°F
Reduces volume by a factor 600
Objective
Main Objectives
Simulate Processes
Optimize Processes
Minimize compressor work
Energy cost
Technip- Snamprogetti
BP- Self
Refrigerated
Process
DMR- Dual Mixed Refrigerant
Linde- CO2 MFCP
Linde/Statoil -Mixed Fluid Cascade Process
ConocoPhilips
Simple
Cascade
Simulation Specifications
Natural Gas composition
Methane: 0.98
Ethane: 0.01
Propane: 0.01
Inlet conditions
Pressure: 750 psia
Temperature: 1000F
Outlet conditions
Pressure: 14.7 psia
Temperature: -260oF Beihai City, China
COOLING WATER
LOW TEMPERATURE NO PRESSURE CHANGE HIGH TEMPERATURE
REFRIGERANT
HIGH TEMPERATURE
HIGH PRESSURE
Expander Compressor
LOW TEMPERATURE
LOW PRESSURE
Heat Exchanger
REFRIGERANT
HIGH TEMPERATURE
LOW TEMPERATURE GAS
NO PRESSURE CHANGE
Liquefaction Techniques
Mixed refrigerants are mainly composed of
hydrocarbons ranging from methane to pentane,
Nitrogen and CO2.
Pure component Refrigerants
Specific operating ranges for each component
Mixed Refrigerants
Modifiedto meet specific cooling demands.
Helps improve the process efficiency
Liquefaction Techniques
T-Q Diagrams
INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY.
Liquefaction Techniques
Single Refrigeration Cycle
One refrigeration loop that cools the natural
gas to its required temperature range.
Usually requires fewer equipment and can
only handle small base loads.
Lower capital costs and a higher operating
efficiency
Black and Veatch:
PRICO Process
Compressor
Single mixed refrigerant
Condenser
loop and single
Inlet Gas
compression system
Limited capacity (1.3
100oC
MTPA)
Low capital cost
Cold Box
Residue
Great Pilot Process
-260oC
Expander LNG
Refrigeration Cycles and Natural
Gas Liquefaction
COOLING WATER
Compressor
Inlet Gas
Cold Box
GAS LNG
Neither refrigerants,
compressor, nor expanders
present in setup.
Cost include mainly capital
costs and electricity.
Residue Gas Low Production rate (51%)
Capacities of over 1.3MTPA
attainable .
Inlet gas
LNG
Liquefaction Techniques
Cascade Processes
A series of heat exchangers with each stage
using a different refrigerant.
Tailored to take advantage of different
thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants
to be used.
Usually have high capital costs and can
handle very large base loads.
ConocoPhilips Simple Cascade
3 stage pure refrigerant
process
Methane Propane
Ethylene
Ethylene
Propane
Methane
Residue Gas
5 MTPA Capacity
Sub-Cooling
Inlet Gas
Pre- Cooling Liquefaction
LNG
Equipment
Plate Fin Heat Exchanger
VERY COMPACT
DESIGN BUT LIMITED
IN OPERATING RANGE
Spiral Wound Heat Exchanger
-260oC
LNG
TQ DIAGRAMS FROM PRO II SIMULATION
Results
Cost Basis
Economic Life of 20 years
New train required at the documented
maximum capacity of each specific process.
Average cost of electricity and cooling water
throughout the US used in analysis.
Energy cost evaluated at a minimum capacity
of 1.2 MTPA
Results
10
10
Work
Local Minimum
Global Minimum
Temperature
Conclusions
We successfully simulated several LNG
production plants
We obtained capital and operating costs and
determined a ranking
Some connection with existing trends were
identified, but other results do not coincide with
market trends
We discussed why discrepancies may arise.
Questions?
References
"Overview: LNG Basics." Center for Liquefied Natural Gas. 2008. Center for Liquefied Natural
Gas. 3 Feb 2008. <http://www.lngfacts.org/About-LNG/Overview.asp>.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/tanker-lng-history.htm
www.fpweb.com/200/Issue/Article/False/67449/Issue
Fossil Energy Office of Communications. U.S. Department of Energy: Fossil Energy. 18 Dec
2007. U.S. Department of Energy. 3 Feb 2008.
.<http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/oilgas/storage/index.html>.
"Mustang receives U.S. patent for LNG liquefaction process." Scandanavian Oil and Gas
Magazine. 14 Dec 2007. 3 Feb 2008. <http://www.scandoil.com/moxie-bm2/news/mustang-
receives-us-patent-for-lng-liquefaction-pr.shtml>.
Spilsbury, Chris; Yu-Nan Liu; et al. "Evolution of Liquefaction Technology for today's LNG
business." Journees Scientifiques Et Techniques (2006)
Process Selection is Critical to onshore LNG economics.” World-Oil Magazine. February 2006
com <http://www.worldoil.com/Magazine/MAGAZINE_DETAIL.asp?
ART_ID=2808&MONTH_YEAR=Feb-2006>
Flynn, Thomas N. “Cryogenic Engineering.” Second edition. Marcel Dekker. New York- NY.
2005