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D U LE
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Comparison factors of SI and CI Engines
 Working cycle

Fuel
Method of fuel
introduction
Method of fuel
ignition
Fuel economy

Compression ratio

Weight

Initial cost

Maintenance cost
 TWO STROKE ENGINE
• One cycle of operation is completed in two
strokes of the piston. i.e. one revolution of the
crank shaft.
• Here valves are replaced by ports.
• Cylinder is connected to crankcase.
• Eliminates separate suction and exhaust stroke.
• i.e. suction and compression take place in one
stroke and power and exhaust stroke together.
 TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
SUCTION AND COMPRESSION STROKE
• During the upward
stroke of the piston air
in the cylinder is
compressed.
• At the same time the
piston uncovers the
inlet port and fresh air
enters into the
crankcase
 Power and Exhaust stroke
• At the end of first stroke
fine spray of fuel is injected
by fuel injector.
• Due to high temperature
and pressure of air, the fuel
starts burning.
• The expansion of gases
pushes the piston
downwards doing work.
• While moving downward s
the piston also compress
the fresh air inside the
crank case
• Near to the end of power
stroke the piston first
uncovers the exhaust port
and burnt gases escapes
through this port.
• Then the piston uncovers
the transfer port and
compressed air from the
crankcase enters the
engine cylinder.
• The incoming fresh air
helps in ejecting burnt
gases.
 TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
SUCTION AND COMPRESSION STROKE
• During the upward
stroke of the piston air-
fuel mixture in the
cylinder is compressed.
• At the same time the
piston uncovers the inlet
port and fresh air fuel
mixture enters into the
crankcase from
carburetor
 Power and Exhaust stroke
• At the end of first stroke
electric spark is provided
by spark plug.
• The air fuel mixture get
ignited.
• The expansion of gases
pushes the piston
downwards doing work.
• While moving downward
s the piston also compress
the fresh air fuel mixture
inside the crank case
• Near to the end of power
stroke the piston first
uncovers the exhaust
port and burnt gases
escapes through this
port.
• Then the piston uncovers
the transfer port and
compressed air from the
crankcase enters the
engine cylinder.
• The incoming fresh air
helps in ejecting burnt
gases.
Comparison factors of two stroke and four
stroke
 Number of strokes

Turning moment uniformity

Simple construction

Pollution

Running at high speeds

Power saver

Valves and ports

 Air system for SI Engine

Atmos Air Carbure Engine

Silencer
air filter tor cylinder
• The main components are air filter and
carburetor.
• Air or oxygen is obtained from atmosphere.
• Air is cleaned by air filter.
• Air and fuel is mixed in correct ratio using
carburetor.
• Air –fuel ratio ranges from 8:1 to 20:1.
• Air fuel mixture is supplied to the engine cylinder
through inlet valve.
• Exhaust gases after combustion is discharged to
the atmosphere through silence or muffler.
 Fuel system for SI Engine

Fuel Fuel Fuel Carbure Engine

tank pump filter tor cylinder
• Fuel is pumped from fuel tank to the
carburetor through fuel filter.
• Fuel filter is used to remove impurities from
fuel.
• To supply fuel to carburetor, two methods are
used.
• Gravity method and using pump.
 Diaphragm pump
• Used to pump fuel to carburetor from fuel tank
• Actuated by cam
• The drive of the cam is obtained by engine
camshaft
• Consists of high grade cotton diaphragm,
impregnated with synthetic rubber
• Movement of diaphragm sucks fuel from tank
and pushes it to carburetor
1. Cam
2. Rocker arm
3. Link
4. Diaphragm
5. Diaphragm spring
6. Pump chamber
7. Inlet valve
8. Outlet valve
9. Outlet pipe
10. Spring
• As the cam rotates the rocker arm pushes the
diaphragm in or out
• The down ward movement of diaphragm
sucks fuel from tank through strainer
• And the up ward movement pushes the fuel to
carburetor
• Rocker arm spring provides constant contact
with cam
• When the float chamber is filled further
pumping is stopped by closing the outlet pipe
of pump
 Carburetor
• Used to produce a homogenous air fuel
mixture
• Produce the desired air fuel ratio at all speeds
and loads
Principle
• When a volatile fuel is placed in high velocity
air stream, the fuel gets vaporized
• Invented by Karl Benz
• Throttle valve control the speed and power of
engine.
• A simple carburetor has two drawbacks.
• It provides rich air fuel mixture at high engine
speed.
• It provides lean air fuel mixture at low engine
speed.
 Fuel system for CI Engine
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 Injection

Air injection Solid injection

 Air Injection
• Air is first compressed to a very high pressure.
• The fuel is forced into the cylinder by means of
compressed air.
• The rate of fuel injection is controlled by air
pressure.
• Fuel get ignited by high temperature of air
• Requires a multistage compressor.
• Compressor consumes 10%of power developed.
Airless or Solid Injection

• It requires a fuel pump to deliver fuel at high

pressure.
• Pressure is approximately 300kg/cm2
 Individual Pump System
• In this system each cylinder has individual high
pressure pump and metering unit.
• Each high pressure pump provides fuel at high
pressure to the corresponding fuel injectors.
 Common Rail System
• A High pressure fuels pump
delivers fuel to an accumulator.
• The high pressure pump usually
has a number of plungers.
• A common rail or a pipe starts
from the accumulator and leads
to the different distributing
elements for each cylinder.
• For each cylinder there is a
separate metering and timing
element which is connected to
an automatic injector injecting
fuel into the cylinder
 Diesel fuel pump
• Two major parts
1. pumping element ( plunger and barrel)
2. delivery valve and seating
• Plunger reciprocates inside the barrel using a
cam and tappet mechanism
• Barrel have an inlet port and overflow port
• When the plunger is at BDC it unveils both
ports
• Hence fuel enters the barrel
• As the plunger moves up, it closes both ports
and the fuel is trapped inside
• The pressure of the trapped fuel increases as
the plunger moves up
• When it exceeds the spring force of the
delivery valve, the valve is opened and the
fuel is pushed
• At a particular position the helical groove opens
the overflow port and the pressure inside the
barrel drops, closing the delivery valve
• The plunger is rotated using a rack and there by
the stroke length of plunger can be adjusted
• There by the fuel quantity is adjusted
• When the stopper is pulled the plunger turns
and opens the port there by stopping the pump
 Fuel injector
• Purpose is to inject a small volume of fuel into
fine spray and make each drop into contact
with sufficient oxygen for complete burning
• Nozzle valve seats on a conical seating due to
spring pressure on the spindle.
• Fuel enters through the passage drilled in the
nozzle holder.
• It enters the annular groove around nozzle
holder.
• When fuel pressure is greater than spring
pressure, the needle valve opens and allows high
pressure fuel to flow into the combustion
chamber
• The nozzle closes when fuel pressure is less
than spring pressure.
• The excess fuel is carried back through leak off
pipe.
 Ignition System
• Ignition is by electric discharge produced
between the two electrodes of a sparkplug
Battery Ignition System
Magneto Ignition System
 Spark Plug
The main parts are:
 Terminal
 Insulator
 Steel shell
 Central electrode
 Ground electrode
 The spark plug provides required air
gap for producing spark.
 When high tension current is passed
through the spark plug, it jumps
from terminal electrode to ground
electrode producing a spark due to
the resistance of air in the gap.
 LUBRICATION
• Supply of lubricating oil between moving parts is
termed as lubrication.
• The essentials of lubrication are:
• It should be done properly.
• Right lubricant should be used.
• Improper lubrication can lead to :
• Worn bearings
• Misfiring cylinders
• Dirty spark plug
• Excessive fuel consumption
 OBJECTIVES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM
• To reduce friction between moving parts.
• To reduce wear of the moving parts.
• To act as cooling medium.
• To keep engine parts clean.
• To absorb shock between bearings and other engine
parts.
• To absorb and carry away harmful substance resulting
from improper combustion.
• To prevent metallic components from corrosive attack.
• To form good seal between piston ring and cylinder
wall.
 Properties
• Viscosity
• Must not vapourize
• High specific heat to remove heat
• Free from corrosive acids, moisture
• Adhesive quality to permit the oil particles
to cling to metal surface
• Should have high Cohesive quality so that
a continuous film is formed b/w rubbing
surfaces
 PETROIL SYSTEM
• Simplest form of automobile lubrication.
• Commonly used in two stroke engines.
• The lubricating oil is mixed with petrol in
a specific ratio while filling in the petrol
tank.
 SPLASH SYSTEM
• Oil is stored in a sump.
• A scoop or dipper is
connected to the lowest
part of connecting rod.
• With every revolution of
crankshaft, the dipper
dips the oil and splashes
oil on to the engine
cylinder.
PRESSURE SYSTEM
• The oil from oil sump goes to main bearing.
• After lubricating main bearing it goes to crank
pin trough a hole.
• From crank pin it goes to piston pin, piston and
cylinder through a hole drilled in connecting
rod.
• For lubricating camshaft and timing gear, the
oil is led through a separate oil line.
• An oil pressure guage in the instrument panel
indicate oil pressure in the system.
 Splash and Pressure System
• Oil pump supplies oil under pressure to main
bearings and crank shaft bearings.
• Other parts are lubricated by splash system.