ELECTRIC MOTORS

WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC MOTOR?

 ELECTRIC MOTORS

An electric motor is an
electrical machine
that converts
electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
 BASIC PARTS
OF AN
ELECTRIC MOTOR
 PARTS OF A MOTOR

NAMEPLATE
BEARINGS

FRAME

ROTOR
COOLING
STATOR
FAN

FAN COVER
TERMINAL/JUNCTION
BOX
HOW AN INDUCTION MOTOR WORKS
HOW AN INDUCTION MOTOR WORKS
USES OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR?
USES OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
 THINGS TO CONSIDER
WHEN SELECTING A MOTOR
 THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN SELECTING A MOTOR

APPLICATION – for type

Voltage - electricofpressure
SPEED = The speed motor
of
or electric
enclosure
rotation of the motor shaft.
POWER HORSEPOWER
DUTY
tension is
Measuredthe OR LOAD
difference
in RPM – HP
(revolutionsin CYCLE
electric
per minute)
SINGLE
NEMA – US PHASE
Motor OR THREE
Enclosure Types PHASE
VOLTAGE AND KILOWATT
potential
Across the - kW
between two points.
Line/Direct On Line
SYNCHRONOUSODP – Open
SPEED Drip
– the Proof
speed at which the
FREQUENCY The term
magnetic
IEC – duty
field
EUROPEAN defines
rotates. the by
It is computed load
Ns cycle
0.7457
Wye Delta
Frequency kW
(Synchronous
– =
how
to which the machine 1
TEFC
speed)HP
=–120f/p
many Totally Enclosed
Fan Cooled
times the voltage
is subjected,
PHASE changed in TYPE
sign +applicable,
to p–IMPORTANT
=in 1 second
FRAME
including,
Where f=frequency if IS
and number starting,
of magnetic poles
SPEED Auto Transformer/Auto
Frequency
( 2,4,6,8
SPECIALLY a
etc…) Voltage
TEAO – Totally
IF FOR Trans
Enclosed
REPLACEMENT
electric braking,
Ex: for the synchronous no-load
Air
speedOverof a 4and rest@de-
pole motor 60
Frequency
NEMA 1 ==IEC
AND
Hz = 120(60)/4 Voltage
1800 RPMDIMENSIONS 1 ARE
FRAME TYPE energized
Soft Start/
Frequency periods,
Soft
2 Stop
TENV and
Voltage including
2
– Totally Enclosed their
DIFFERENT
APPLICATION durations
FULL LOAD SPEED
e.g.: and Non –sequence
indication in
– Ventilated
An time.
of the
approximate speed that the motor will run when it is
Variable
60 Hz Frequency
putting=out 400
full Drive
Volts
Hazardous
rated output Location
torque or horsepower
STARTING METHOD 50 Hz Voltage 2
MOUNTING TYPE Submersible Motors
Voltage 2 = 333.33 Volts
DUTY
THE MOTOR NAMEPLATE
THE MOTOR NAMEPLATE
PUMPS
 TERMINOLOGIES

•VOLUME FLOW RATE

•PRESSURE
•TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
•SUCTION LIFT AND SUCTION HEAD
•NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
•CAVITATION
•PUMP EFFICIENCY
•AFFINITY LAWS
VOLUME FLOW RATE

•it is the volume of liquid

passing per unit of time
Expressed in Gallons per
minute (GPM), Gallons per
Day (GPD), Liters per
second (LPS), Cubic meters
per hour (m3/h) etc…..
 PRESSURE

•Force exerted by a fluid per unit perpendicular area. Expressed

in Pounds per square inch (PSI), kilograms per square meter,
KiloPascals (kPa) etc…..
 TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) is the

total equivalent height that a fluid is to be
pumped, taking into account friction losses in
the pipe. Expressed in PSI, ft of water, meters
of water.
 TDH COMPUTATION

  𝑃𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑣𝑑 2 − 𝑣𝑠 2
+ + ( 𝑍𝑑 − 𝑍𝑠 ) + 𝐻 𝑙
𝛾 2𝑔
 •= Pressure at farthest discharge
•Ps = Pressure at farthest suction
•vd = Velocity at farthest discharge
•vs = Velocity at lowest suction
•Zd = Highest point the fluid will get to
•Zs = Lowest suction point
• = Head Loss
•g = acceleration due to gravity
• = specific weight of water
POSITIVE (SUCTION HEAD)
AND NEGATIVE SUCTION (SUCTION LIFT)
 NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

•It is the head/pressure which helps push the liquid to the suction
side of the pump without forming a negative pressure
 NPSHa VS. NPSHr

•NPSH AVAILABLE (NPSHa) is the “absolute” pressure at the

suction port of the pump
•NPSH REQUIRED (NSPHr) is the amount of suction pressure
produced by the pump
 NPSHa COMPUTATION

•To Compute NPSH AVAILABLE we must calculate the algebraic

sum of all pressure pushing/pulling the liquid to/from suction side
WHY IS NPSH IMPORTANT?
 CAVITATION

•Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid, small

liquid-free zones, that are the consequence of forces acting upon
the liquid. It usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid
changes of pressure that cause the formation of cavities in the
liquid where the pressure is relatively low. 
CAVITATION
 PUMP EFFICIENCY

•is defined as the ratio of water horsepower output from

the pump to the shaft horsepower input for the pump
•Water horsepower is determined by the flow rate and TDH
delivered from the pump
•Shaft horsepower is delivered to the pump from the power unit,
which usually is an electric motor or internal combustion engine.
 AFFINITY LAWS

•express the relationship between variables involved in pump or

fan performance (such as head, volumetric flow rate, shaft speed
and power).
•This laws assume and can only be used where pump efficiency is
constant.
 USE OF AFFINITY LAWS ?

•Can be used to estimate the performance and power consumed of

a pump or a fan at different speeds. When plotted, it will also tell
the limit a speed a pump should run.
PUMP CONTROLLERS
 PUMP CONTROLLERS

CONTROLLERS
• Pump Controls control electric motors that power mechanical pumps. A
Pump Control Panel includes power components to control the pump motor,
sensors to protect the pump, and pilot devices for operator control.
Additional sensors are used to monitor the process for automatic pump
operation.

Protecting the pump and the pump motor are priorities because a pump failure
can have serious consequences. At a minimum make sure the motor and pump
don’t overheat and the pump doesn’t run dry. Design the pump control panel
based on the application and customer requirements.
A Pump Control Panel has to know the status of process variables required to
control and protect the pump. This means it has to connect to devices that are
monitoring the process.

• Motor Overloads – Pump Protection for when the pump motor current is

above its Full Load Amp rating.
• Temperature Sensors – Pump Protection when the pump or motor are
above their Temperature rating.
• Level Sensors – Pump control and protection to insure the pump doesn’t
run dry
• Flow Sensors – Used to verify the pump is moving fluid
• Pressure Sensors – Used for pump control and to adjust speed
A Pump Control Panel may be designed to control one pump or multiple pumps
(Duty / Standby,  Lead / Lag, etc.) as needed and generally operate as follows.
• Start and Stop pumps based on the following
• Level Sensors, or
• Pressure Sensors, or
• Flow Sensors
• Control pumps using the following
• Fixed Speed (Small) – Use an Across the Line Motor Starter
• Fixed Speed (Large) – Use a Solid State Soft Starter (Prevent Water
Hammer)
• Variable Speed – Use a Variable Frequency Drive (Pressure or Flow control)
A Pump Control Panel has to give an Operator the ability to turn the power on
and off, control the process, and monitor the process and status of all alarms
as needed.
• Main Power
• Main Power Disconnect
• Pump Controls
• System Off-On Selector, and / or
• Manual-Off-Auto Selector, if used
• Level or Pressure Setpoint, if used
• Speed, if used
• Monitor
• Running Status light, and
• Alarm Status lights, and
• Level or Pressure, if used
• Speed, if used
PUMP CONTROLLERS PARTS
• CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an 
electrical circuit from damage
caused by excess current from an
overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to interrupt current
flow after a fault is detected.
• MAGNETIC CONTACTOR
Magnetic contactors are a form of
electrical relay found on most
electrically powered motors. They act
as a go-between for direct power
sources, and high-load electrical
motors in order to homogenize or
balance out changes in electrical
frequency which may come from a
power supply as well as to act as a
safeguard.
• THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAY
Thermal overload relays are
economic electromechanical
protection devices for the main
circuit. They offer reliable
protection for motors in the event
of overload or phase failure.
The thermal overload relay can
make up a compact starting
solution together with contactors
• PILOT LIGHTS
Pilot lights act as a small electric
light used as a visual indicator of the
pump status (On, Off, Overload).
• PUSH BUTTONS
Push Button Switches are manually
operated switches that are available in
many different types: Switches with
round or square bodies for mounting in
round or square holes, lighted and non-
lighted Switches, Indicators, Selector
Switches, and more.
• HOA SELECTOR SWITCH
Selector switches are
operated by turning a knob
instead of pushing a button. A
very common selector switch is
the HAND-OFF-AUTO switch
• ENCLOSURE
An electrical enclosure is
a cabinet for electrical or electronic
equipment to mount switches,
knobs and displays and to prevent
electrical shock to equipment users
and protect the contents from the
environment.
• TERMINAL BLOCK
A terminal block is a screw-type
electrical connector where the
wires are clamped down to the
metal part by a screw.

• WIRES
A wire is a single, usually
cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of
metal. Wires are used to bear
mechanical loads or electricity and
telecommunications signals.
 OPTIONAL COMPONENTS / PARTS

• FLOATLESS RELAY
Floatless relays are level
controllers that detect water levels
based on the conductivity of the
medium measured by using
conductive electrodes. When a relay
senses the liquid level measured, the
output contacts of the relay are
energized and latched.
• FLOAT SWITCH
A float switch is a type of level
sensor, a device used to detect the
level of liquid within a tank. The switch
may be used to control a pump, as an
indicator, an alarm, or to control other
devices.
• OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
The over and under
voltage protection for electrical
appliances uses tripping mechanism. It
trips the load when
i/p voltage are above or below a set
value.
• TIME DELAY RELAY
Time Delay relay are constructed
with a kind of “shock absorber”
mechanism attached to the
armature which prevents
immediate, full motion when the
coil is either energized or de-
energized. Time-delay relays can be
constructed to delay armature
motion on coil energization, de-
energization, or both.
• TRANSFER SWITCH
A transfer switch is an electrical
switch that switches a load between
two sources. Some transfer switches
are manual, in that an operator effects
the transfer by throwing a switch,
while others are automatic and trigger
when they sense one of the sources
has lost or gained power.
• VFD
A variable-frequency drive (VFD;
also termed adjustable-frequency
drive, “variable-voltage/variable-
frequency (VVVF) drive”, variable
speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or
inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-
speed drive used in electro-
mechanical drive systems to control
AC motor speed and torque by
varying motor input frequency and
voltage.
• PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
A pressure sensor is a device for
pressure measurement of gases or
liquids. Pressure is an expression of
the force required to stop a fluid
from expanding, and is usually
stated in terms of force per unit
area. A pressure sensor usually acts
as a transducer; it generates a signal
as a function of the pressure
imposed.
• PRESSURE SWITCH
A pressure switch is a form of
switch that closes an electrical
contact when a certain set fluid
pressure has been reached on its
input. 
• ELECTRICAL PANEL FAN
Fans are attached to the
enclosure in order to ventilate the
components inside that produces
heat.

• SOFTSTARTER
A soft starter is a solid-state
device that protects AC electric
motors from damage caused by
sudden influxes of power by
limiting the large initial inrush of
current associated with motor
startup.
• VOLTMETER / AMMETER
A voltmeter measures voltage while
ammeter measures current. The display
can be analog or digital.
• CT / PT
A current transformer (CT) is a type
of transformer that is used to measure
alternating current (AC). It produces
a current in its secondary which is proportional
to the current in its primary. Current
transformers, along with voltage or
potential transformers, which also produces
voltage in its secondary a proportion to its
primary, are instrument transformers.
STARTING METHODS
• DIRECT ON LINE
The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is
the simplest and the most
inexpensive of all starting methods
and is usually used for squirrel cage
induction motors. It directly connects
the contacts of the motor to the full
supply voltage. The starting current is
very large, normally 6 to 8 times the
rated current.
• WYE-DELTA
The star delta starting is a very
common type of starter and extensively
used, compared to the other types of the
starters. This method used reduced
supply voltage in starting.
• AUTO TRANSFORMER
The starting current is limited by (using
a three phase auto transformer) reduce
the initial stator applied voltage. The auto
transformer starter is more expensive,
more complicated in operation and bulkier
in construction when compared with the
star – delta starter method. But an auto
transformer starter is suitable for both star
and delta connected motors, and the
starting current and torque can be
adjusted to a desired value by taking the
correct tapping from the auto transformer.
• VFD
After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are
increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load.
This starting method typically allows a motor to develop 150% of its rated
torque while the VFD is drawing less than 50% of its rated current from the
mains in the low-speed range.
• SOFTSTARTER
The soft starter starts up the motor at reduced voltage, and the
voltage is then ramped up to its full value. In connection with this
starting method current pulses will not occur. Run-up time and locked-
rotor current (starting current) can be set.
CONTROLLER ACCESSORIES
QUANTITY REFERENCE
Q
&A