Electrical Engineering)

DY. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri,Pune 411018 (Department of

Experiment No. 6

Aim:
control
Study of VSI fed 3 phase Induction motor (using V/f control PWM inverter) speed
characteristics.

Apparatus:

Name of Equipment Rating Quantity

Sr.
No.

3 phase semi bridge Kashtronica Kit

3 o 440 V, 1440 rpm, 50 Hz, 0.5 hp,
Induction motor
1.1 A

Tachometer 0-9999 rpm

4 CRO

5 Multimeter

Connecting Cords

Theory:
Drive or VFD
Variable Frequency
Tt is interesting to know that the first A.C. drive (400 HP) based on thyratron cycloconverter-

Cad WRIM installed in 1932 by F.E. Alexanderson of General Electric in the Logan Power
was
Station of Pacific Gas and Electric Company. From then industrial drives have evolved rapidly by
effort of many scientists and engineers all over the world resulting in development of
dedicated

ranced drive technology such as Variable Frequency Drive(VFD).

VFD is a power electronics based device which converts a basic fixed frequency, fixed
age sine wave power(line power) to a variable frequency, variable output voltage used to control
voltag of ind
speed of induction motor(s). It regulates the speed ot a three phase induction motor by controlling

frequency
and voltage of the power supplied to the motor.
the
 Pune 4111018
Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri, (Department of Electrical Engineering)

N = 120f

Cince the number of pole

is constant the speed Ns can be varied by continuously changing frequency.

L1
Motor
L2

L3

Output Inverter
Input Converter DC Bus
(GBUs)
(Diode Bridge) (Filter)

Drive
Frequency three stages for controlling a
Working of Variable or VFD incorporates following
Drive
Variable Frequency
Any
motor.
induction
three phase

Rectifier Stage rectifier converts three-phase 50 Hz power from a

solid-state
diode based
adjustable DC voltage. The system
power may
A full-wave to either 1IXed or

440 or
utility supply
higher
standard 220, system.
transformers for high voltage
include

Inverter Stage GlO or SCR Switch the

DC power from rectifier
switches such as IuBl,
electronic new frequency. Presently
most
Power
c u r r e n t or ltage waveform at the required
volta
produce a
because the current and
nd off to use pulsewidth modulation (PWM)
on inverters (VS)
switches
approximately a sine wave. Power Electronic
source
voltage
of the in this scheme is
waveform
at output at high speed, producing a series of
short-width pulses
etc. switch DC voltage
oltage
a IGBT: GTO
of the inverter. Output frequency
voltage is varied by varying the gain
c t a n t amplitude. Output or by varying the period for each
time
the number of pulses per halt cycle
by changing
e adiusted
cycle.
 Pune 41 1018 (Department of Electrical Engineering)
n Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri,
Dr.

in an induction motor simulates a sine wave of the desired output

The resulting current distortion
switching action of a PWM inverter results in less waveform
Greauency. The high speed
decreases harmonic losses.
and hence

Control System to motor and

i.e. voltage vector of inverter being fed
Its function is to control output voltage circuit which
consists of an electronic
ratio of voltage to frequency (V/Hz). It
maintain a constant to
driven motor and adjusts the output
voltage or frequency
information from the
receives feedback Wave PWM), SVPWM (Space
be based on SPWM (Sine
Control system may
the desired values.
based algorithm.
Vector modulated PWM) or some soft computing

Characteristic under
Variable Frequency Drive
Induction Motor to the product of
the slip
induced in stator, E is proportional of
motor voltage
In an induction can be considered
proportional to the product
flux. The terminal voltage
air gap the supply frequency
frequency and the stator drop is neglected.
Any reduction in
and flux, if flux which will cause
the slip frequency causes an
increase in the air gap
the terminal voltage Hence while
without a change in of motor is decreased.
the torque capability
of motor. Also Drive we always keep the
V/f ratio
magnetic saturation VFD or Variable Frequency
with the help of
controlling a motor
variable 'K° as,
constant. Now define

K =
frated

rated frequency we
have constant flux operation. For
below K <l i.e. below
For operation operating points. For K >1 i.e. above
rated
constant magnetization current Im for all
this we maintain this field is weakened in the inverse ratio
Vrated constant. In
maintain terminal voltage
frequency we we have constant torque operation
and above that we
'K'. For values of K =I
of per unit frequency
have constant power application.
 Patil
Institute of Technology, Pimpri, Pune 411018 (Department of ElectricalEngineering)
DY.

m
Pm
Pm Wss
WsS
>K
1.0 2.0

(Stator Current) and Wes VS. K plot

VTerminal Voltage). T(Torque), Pm(Power), I4

Frequency Drives
Merits of using Variable

along with energy savings. The

1. Energy Saving is to provide
smooth control
function of VFD in industry than all other flow
control methods including
Primary m o r e efficient
motor drive system is cost savings becomes more
variable speed transmissions, dampers, etc. Energy
hydraulic where the load's torque and power
valves, turbines, ID fan and pump applications,
variable-torque
pronounced in and cube of the speed
respectively.
to the square
is directly proportional

approaches
2. Increased Reliability more reliable than traditional mechanical
are
motor-drive systems mechanical
Adjustable speed louvers or
turbines to control speed and flow. Unlike
valves, gears,
such as using moving parts
hence they are highly reliable.
don 't have any
control system they

3. Speed Variations
ich
such as crushers, conveyors and grinding mills can use the
energy saving, applications
Beyond to prOvide optimal speed variations. In some crucial applications, the
motor and VFD's packages be which a motor supplied with a constant frequency power
nerating speed range can wide, VFD and motor
In the case or conveyors and mills, a system can even
couTCe cannot provide.
"crawl" speed foe maintenance purposes eliminating the need for additional drives.
provide a

4. Soft Starting
When Variable Frequency Drives start large motors, the drawbacks associated with large inrush
current i.e. starting current (winding stress, winding overheating and voltage dip on connected
Dr.D.
Y. Patil Institute fTechnology, Pimpri, Pune 41 1018 (Department of Electrical Engineering)

bus) is eliminated. Ihis reduces chances of insulation or winding damage and provides extended
motor life.

5. Extended Machine Life and Less Maintenance

The VFD's greatly reduce wear to the motor, increase life of the equipment and decrease
to the
maintenance costs. Due to optimal voltage and frequency control it offers better protection
over voltage, under voltage
motor from issues such as electro thermal overloads, phase faults,
to "instant
motor is not subjected
etc. When we start a motor (on load) with help ofa VFD, the
shock" hence there is less wear and tear of belt, gear and pulley system.

6. High Power Factor

and is measured in kilowatts
heat, sound, etc. is called active power
Power converted to rotation,
is called reactive power
Power that charges builds magnetic fields or charges capacitor
(kW). kVAR is the Apparent Power and
The vector sum of the kW and the
and is measured in kVAR. motors may have a full
KVA. Power factor is the ratio of kW/KVA. Typical AC
is measured in is reduced, the power factor
from 0.7 to 0.8. As the motor load
load power factor ranging includes capacitors in the DC Bus itself
The advantage of using VFD's is that it
becomes low. the Variable Frequency Drive. This
on the line side of
power factor
which maintains high
of additional expensive
capacitor banks.
eliminates the need

Procedure:

the power supply.

on
Switch
of drive signals to 30 using pot.
Hz
frequen
Adjust I to 6 onelby and plot timing diagram.
one
2.
3. ate
Observe Ga te Drive signals
voltmeter. Due to feedback c t they have almost same
oferror
er amplifier using de
Measure i/p almost 0/
4. e r r o r amplifier
and o/p of to phases on terminal strip provided
fed to inductio motor between any
values
AC voltage

5. ack side of box, Vary the speed by varying

Measure

frequency. Calculate V/F ratio.

5 and verify that V/F ratio is constant.
on

frequency 20, 25,

30, 35, 40 Hz and repeat step
of otor using tachometer for different frequencies.
y
Vary
6 You
O can
also
measure speed
 D. Y.
D r .D
nstitute
Patil Ins of Technology, Pimpri, Pune 411018 (Department of Electrical Engineering)

Ohservation table(Must be drawn on blank sheet):

Sr.
Sr. Frequency Voltage V/F Measured Calculated
No. Speed Speed

2 GS Ypm

C2 pm
23
860
3

Result:
studied.
V/F method is
control using
Thus Speed

Conclusion: