Precalculus – Grade 11

Individualized Learning Material

Quarter 1 – ILM 4: Hyperbola (A Conic Section)
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Precalculus
Hyperbola: A Conic Section

3
 Welcome to the PRECALCULUS Grade 11 Individualized Learning Material (ILM) on
the Hyperbola: A Conic Section. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and
reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.

For the Teacher

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.

For the Learner:

Welcome to the Precalculus 11 Individualized Learning Material (ILM) on Hyperbola:

A Conic Section. This ILM was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This ILM has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This is the first part of the Individualized Learning Material

(ILM). In this part shows the enabling objectives with
Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The objectives must be
Goals unpacked from the Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELCs).

This is the second part of the ILM. In this part, the teacher can
give an activity that will help the learner recall his/her previous
learning. Also, it will facilitate if the said activity will help bridge
the learner's past experiences with the new lesson. The
association with “previous learning” does not automatically
Explore mean the previous lesson but acquired knowledge that will
serve as clue or springboard to process the new one.
The idea here is to come up with an activity that will cater to
both the review and motivation parts of the usual lesson.

4
 In this part of ILM, the new lesson will be introduced. A number
of authentic materials may be used to introduce the lesson.
Also, important concepts be emphasized here.
The teacher can present the lesson in a creative way instead
Learn
of just simply giving out the lesson or concepts. The activity
used as a springboard during the “Explore” part may be
dissected for discussion to serve as a concrete example if no
new material is presented. This part is similar to “abstraction”
of the 4As.

In this part of ILM the teacher can make use of graphic

organizers in crafting exercises or any activity where the
learner is still guided even though it is independent learning on
Apply their end.
The teacher may give additional exercises that will enable the
learner transfer new knowledge or skill into real-life experience
or situation and engage in higher cognitive thinking, such as
problem-solution, cause-effect, etc.

This part will assess whether the learning competency is

achieved in a form of formative assessment to check the
Assess understanding of the student of the lesson presented in the
ILM. The teacher may use different types of tests tailored-fit to
the content.

This is the last part of ILM wherein the teachers will ask
questions to students to reflect on his/her learning, the
problems encountered while utilizing the ILM.
Sample questions:
Reflect
1.What important concepts have you gained in the lesson?
2.What are the difficulties have you encountered in the
process of learning?
3. How will you apply the lesson learned in real-life
situation?

This part will compile the references used in the ILM. IPA
format will be used to cite the references and separate the list
References of books, electronic and websites.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the ILM.

5
Lesson
Hyperbola: A Conic Section
1
This Individualized Learning Material (ILM) will help you recall concepts that you have
previously studied and will allow you to apply your skills in performing mathematical operations
that you had learned in the previous topics specifically the three conic sections, circle,
parabola and ellipse. These knowledge and skills will aid you to comprehend about hyperbola
as a conic section. To learn more, explore this ILM with comprehension. If you will find any
difficulty in understanding some of the contents in this module, seek the assistance of your
teacher or peers or refer to the ILMs you have studied earlier. You may check your work with
your teacher.

Goals
At the end of exploring this ILM, the student is expected to:

• define a hyperbola (STEM_PC11AG-Id-1)

• determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola (STEM_PC11AG-Id-2)

Explore

ACTIVITY: I am Different
Description: This activity will enable you to identify whether the equation is a circle, ellipse,
parabola or neither of the three mentioned figures.
Direction: Group the equations of circle, ellipse, parabola or neither of the three mentioned
figures.
(𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 + 3)2 (𝑥 + 4)2 = 16(𝑦 + 2)
− =1
4 9
𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 8 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 21
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 9)2 = 16 64𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 1600
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑦2
− =1 + =1
144 25 25 9
𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 = 0 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 20
𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 19 = 0 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 4 = 0
6
 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 15 = 0 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 7
(𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑦 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 6)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 12
+ =1
4 9

Circle Ellipse Parabola Neither of the three

QUESTIONS
1. What difficulties did you encounter while answering the activity?
2. How did you identify the equation of a circle, ellipse and parabola?
3. How are the equations under the column “Neither of the three” different from the
others?

Learn

Just like ellipse, a hyperbola is one of the conic sections that most students have not
encountered formally before. Both ellipse and hyperbola have two foci and vertices. Its graph
consists of two unbounded branches which extend in opposite directions. It is a misconception
that each branch of the hyperbola is a parabola. This is not true, as parabolas and hyperbolas
have very different features. An application of hyperbolas in basic location and navigation
schemes will be introduce in the next lessons.

The subtopics in this module are the definition of hyperbola as conic section, standard
form of the equation of the hyperbola with a center on the origin and the center at (ℎ, 𝑘),
general form of the equation of hyperbola and graphs of the vertical and horizontal hyperbola.
You will also learn how to rewrite the general form to standard form of the equation of
hyperbola and determine the equation of a hyperbola from its given parts. You will also apply
your knowledge of hyperbola in answering some real-life questions.
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 What is a Hyperbola?

A hyperbola is a conic section that is formed when

a plane at an angle intersects a double-napped cone
as illustrated in Figure 4.1. When the plane is
parallel to the axis of the double-napped cone, then
a regular hyperbola is obtained.

Something to Think of:

You may think that a hyperbola is a pair of

parabola but both conic sections have unique
characteristics from each other.

Figure 4.1. A hyperbola is formed when Based on the given description of the
a double-napped cone is cut by a plane.
Adapted from
hyperbola, what are its main differences from
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com the parabola?
(last accessed on 30 September 2020)

Hyperbola is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in a plane such that the difference of its
distances from two fixed points on a plane is constant that is shown in Figure 4.2. The
fixed points are referred to as foci (plural of focus). It also shows that the graph of the
hyperbola has two disconnected branches. The constant difference of the distances
of any point in the hyperbola to its foci is equal to 2𝑎 where 𝑎 represents the distance
from the center to one of the vertices.

Figure 4.2. A hyperbola is where the difference of

the distance (𝑑2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑1 ) of any points on the
hyperbola to the two foci is constant.
8
 Parts of a Hyperbola

There are six parts of hyperbola, namely, center, foci, vertices, transverse axis, conjugate
axis, asymptotes and latus recta. An auxiliary rectangle is also an additional part that will
help in sketching an accurate asymptote of the hyperbola.

Latus
R 𝑐= Latus Rectum

Figure 4.2. Parts of a Hyperbola

Parts of the Hyperbola Definition

Center • The midpoint between the foci and

between the vertices.
• It is collinear with the foci and
vertices.
Foci • The fixed points of the hyperbola.
• Each focus is 𝑐 unit/s away from the
center where 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
• For any point on the hyperbola, the
absolute value of the difference of its
distances from the foci is 2𝑎 unit/s.
Vertices • The vertices are points on the
hyperbola, collinear with center and
foci.
• Each vertex is 𝑎 unit/s away from the
center.
Transverse Axis • The segment where in the midpoint
is the center and the endpoints are
the vertices.
• Its length is 2𝑎 unit/s.

9
 Conjugate Axis • The segment which is perpendicular
to the transverse axis. Its midpoint is
the center.
• Its length is 2𝑏 unit/s.
Asymptotes • The asymptote of the hyperbola are
two lines passing through the center
where in its two branches approach
closer and closer but does not cross
in the direction which the branches
extended.
• It serves as a guide in graphing the
disconnected branches of hyperbola.
• To help us sketch the asymptotes,
we point out that the asymptotes are
extended diagonals of the auxiliary
rectangle drawn in Figure 4.3.
o The auxiliary rectangle has
sides 2𝑎 and 2𝑏 with its
diagonals intersecting at the
center.
o Two sides are congruent and
parallel to the transverse
axis. The other two sides are
congruent and parallel to the
conjugate axis.
Latus Recta • Latus rectum is a segment through a
focus and perpendicular to the
transverse axis.
2𝑏2
• Its length is given by unit/s.
𝑎
• Since there are two foci, there are
also two latus recta (plural of latus
rectum).
• By plotting the endpoints of latus
rectum, a more accurate sketch of
the graph of a hyperbola can be
obtained.

In graphing a hyperbola, it is important to identify the values of a, b, c and the center

of the hyperbola (𝒉, 𝒌). In the next discussions, we will learn how to graph hyperbolas given
the guide formulas of its different parts.

Next, we will be discussing the two sets of the standard form of the equation of a
hyperbola. The first one whose center is at the origin and the second one whose center is
not found in the origin rather in any point in the different quadrant and axes of the Cartesian
plane represented by the ordered pair (𝒉, 𝒌).

10
 Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola with Center at the Origin

The standard form of an equation of a hyperbola centered at the origin depends on

whether the transverse axis is horizontal or vertical. The table below gives the standard form
of the equation, center, vertices, foci, transverse axis, conjugate axis and asymptotes of the
hyperbola. The additional parts that will aid to obtain an accurate graph of the hyperbola are
length and the endpoints of latus recta and vertices of auxiliary rectangle.

Ellipses with Centers at the Origin and its Parts

Orientation Horizontal Vertical
Equation in 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
where 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎 where 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎
Let 𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 . Let 𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 .
Center (0, 0) (0, 0)
Foci (𝑐, 0) (0, 𝑐)
(−𝑐, 0) (0, −𝑐)
Vertices (𝑎, 0) (0, 𝑎)
(−𝑎, 0) (0, −𝑎)
Asymptotes 𝑏 𝑎
𝑦=± 𝑥 𝑦=± 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠
Transverse Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (𝑎, 𝑏) (𝑏, 𝑎)
Auxiliary (−𝑎, 𝑏) (−𝑏, 𝑎)
Rectangle (−𝑎, −𝑏) (−𝑏, −𝑎)
(𝑎, −𝑏) (𝑏, −𝑎)
Length of Latus 2𝑏2
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2𝑏2
Rectum 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎
Endpoints of 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
Latus Recta (𝑐, ) , (𝑐, − ) ( , 𝑐) , (− , 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2
𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏 2
𝑏2
(−𝑐, ) , (−𝑐, − ) ( , −𝑐) , (− , −𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Note of the following observations:

• In the standard equation, if the leading numerator is 𝑥 2 , then, the hyperbola has a
horizontal orientation. Its transverse axis is horizontal, and its branches open to the
right and to the left as shown in Figure 4.4.
• In the standard equation, if the leading numerator is 𝑦 2 , then, the hyperbola has
vertical orientation. Its transverse axis is vertical, and its branches open upward and
downward as shown in Figure 4.5.
• For both horizontal and vertical hyperbola, “𝒂” represents the distance of the center to
one of the vertices, “𝒃” represents the half-length of the conjugate axis and “𝒄”
represents the distance of the center to one of the foci (use 𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ).
• In graphing the hyperbola with center at the origin, you need to identify the value of a,
b, and c.

11
 See Figure 4.4. and 4.5. for the graph of the hyperbolas with center at the origin.

Figure 4.4. Horizontal Hyperbola with C:(0, 0) Figure 4.5. Vertical Hyperbola with C:(0, 0)

Examples

Direction: Determine the center, vertices, foci, asymptotes, length of transverse and conjugate
axis, vertices of the auxiliary rectangle and the length and endpoints of latus recta. Sketch the
graphs.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − 64 = 1
36
𝑦2 𝑥2
2. − 16 = 1
25

Solutions

(1)

• Since the leading numerator is 𝑥 2 , the hyperbola has a horizontal orientation and it
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
takes the form − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝒂𝟐
• To identify the different parts, find the value of 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄.
𝑥2 𝑦2
• Since − 64 = 1, then 𝑎2 = 36 and 𝑏 2 = 64, we have
36
𝑐 = ඥ𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎2
= 36 𝑏 2 = 64
𝑐 = √36 + 64
ඥ𝑎2 = √36 ඥ𝑏 2 = √64
𝑐 = √100
𝒂=𝟔 𝒃=𝟖 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎

12
 • Since 𝒂 = 𝟔, 𝒃 = 𝟖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎, the table below shows the parts of the given hyperbola.
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
Parts of the Hyperbola − =
𝟑𝟔 𝟔𝟒
𝟏
Equation in standard form 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟑𝟔 𝟔𝟒
Center (𝐶) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) (𝑐, 0) (10, 0)
(−𝑐, 0) (−10, 0)
Vertices ( 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) (𝑎, 0) (6, 0)
(−𝑎, 0) (−6, 0)
Asymptotes 𝑏 8 4
𝑦=± 𝑥 𝑦=± 𝑥→𝑦=± 𝑥
𝑎 6 3
Length of Transverse Axis 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(6) = 12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Length of Conjugate Axis 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(8) = 16 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Vertices of Auxiliary Rectangle (𝑎, 𝑏) (6, 8)
(−𝑎, 𝑏) (−6, 8)
(−𝑎, −𝑏) (−6, −8)
(𝑎, −𝑏) (6, −8)
Length of Latus Rectum 2𝑏2 2𝑏 2
2(8)2
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 = ≈ 21.33 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎 𝑎 6
Endpoints of Latus Recta 𝑏2 𝑏2 82 82
(𝑐, ) , (𝑐, − ) (10, ) , (10, − ) ≈ (10, 10.67), (10, −10.67)
𝑎 𝑎 6 6
𝑏2 𝑏2 82 82
(−𝑐, ) , (−𝑐, − ) (−10, ) , (−10, − ) ≈ (−10, 10.67), (−10, −10.67)
𝑎 𝑎 6 6

To graph a hyperbola with the center at the

origin,
• Locate and label the center (𝐶) of the
hyperbola at the origin.
• Locate and label the vertices (𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 )
and foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) of the hyperbola.
• With a dashed line, draw the auxiliary
rectangle with vertices at (6, 8), (−6, 8),
(−6, −8) and (6, −8).
• With a dashed line, draw the asymptotes
(the extended diagonals of the auxiliary
rectangle).
• Plot the endpoints of the latus recta
(10, 10.67), (10, −10.67)and (−10, 10.67),
(−10, −10.67). Connect the endpoints of
the latus recta that intersect the foci.
• Connect the vertices of the hyperbola with
the endpoints of the latus recta to make
the two branches of the hyperbola that
approach the asymptotes. 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Figure 4.6. Graph of
𝟑𝟔
− 𝟔𝟒
=𝟏
𝑥2 𝑦2
Figure 4.6 Graph of − =1
36 64

13
 (2)

• Since the leading numerator is 𝑦 2 , the hyperbola has a vertical orientation, and it takes
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
the form − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝒂𝟐
• To identify the different parts, find the value of 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄.
𝑦2 𝑥2
• Since − 16 = 1, then 𝑎2 = 25 and 𝑏 2 = 16, we have
25
𝑎2 = 25 𝑏 2 = 16 𝑐 = ඥ𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
ඥ𝑎2 = √25 ඥ𝑏 2 = √16 𝑐 = √25 + 16
𝒂=𝟓 𝒃=𝟒 𝑐 = √41
𝒄 ≈ 𝟔. 𝟒𝟎

• Since 𝒂 = 𝟓, 𝒃 = 𝟒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = √𝟒𝟏 ≈ 𝟔. 𝟒𝟎, the table below shows the parts of the given
hyperbola.
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Parts of the Hyperbola − =
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝟏

Equation in 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
Center (𝐶) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) (0, 𝑐) (0, √𝟒𝟏) ≈ (0, 6.40)
(0, −𝑐) (0, −√𝟒𝟏) ≈ (0, −6.40 )
Vertices (0, 𝑎) (0, 5)
( 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) (0, −𝑎) (0, −5)
Asymptotes 𝑎 5
𝑦=± 𝑥 𝑦=± 𝑥
𝑏 4
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(5) = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Transverse
Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(4) = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (𝑏, 𝑎) (4, 5)
Auxiliary (−𝑏, 𝑎) (−4, 5)
Rectangle (−𝑏, −𝑎) (−4, −5)
(𝑏, −𝑎) (4, −5)
Length of Latus 2𝑏2 2(4)2
Rectum 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 = 6.40 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎 5
Endpoints of 𝑏2 𝑏2 (
42 42
, √41) , (− , √41) ≈ (3.20, 6.40), (−3.20, 6.40)
Latus Recta ( , 𝑐) , (− , 𝑐) 5 5
𝑎 𝑎
2 42 42
𝑏 𝑏2 ( , −√41) , (− , − √41) ≈ (3.20, −6.40), (−3.20, −6.40)
( , −𝑐) , (− , −𝑐) 5 5
𝑎 𝑎

14
 To graph a hyperbola with the center at the
origin,
• Locate and label the center (𝐶) of
the hyperbola at the origin.
• Locate and label the vertices
(𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) and foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) of
the hyperbola.
• With a dashed line, draw the
auxiliary rectangle with vertices
at (4, 5) , (−4, 5), (−4, −5) and
(4, −5)
• With a dashed line, draw the
asymptotes (the extended
diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle).
• Plot the endpoints of the latus recta
(3.20, 6.41), (−3.20, 6.41)and
(3.20, −6.41), (−3.20, −6.41)
Connect the endpoints of the latus
recta that intersect the foci.
• Connect the vertices of the
hyperbola with the endpoints of the
latus recta to make the two
branches of the hyperbola that
approach the asymptotes. 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Figure 4.7. Graph of
𝟐𝟓
− 𝟏𝟔
=𝟏

Seatwork 4.1
Direction: Determine the center, vertices, foci, asymptotes, length of transverse and conjugate
axis, vertices of the auxiliary rectangle and the length and endpoints of latus recta of the
hyperbola given its equation. Sketch the graphs.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − 20 = 1
16
𝑦2
2. − 𝑥2 = 1
4

Tip: You can use mobile friendly graphing apps for you to check if your sketches are
correct. Such graphing apps are Geogebra, Desmos, MathLab, Algeo, MathAlly and
many more.

Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola with Center at (𝒉, 𝒌)

The standard form of an equation of a hyperbola centered at the (𝒉, 𝒌) depends on

whether the transverse axis is horizontal or vertical. The table in the next page gives the
standard equation, center, vertices, foci, transverse axis, conjugate axis and asymptotes of
the hyperbola. The additional parts that will aid to obtain an accurate graph of the hyperbola
are length and the endpoints of latus recta and vertices of auxiliary rectangle.

15
 Hyperbolas with Centers at (h, k) and its Parts
Orientation Horizontal Vertical
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
Equation in − =𝟏 − =𝟏
standard 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
form where 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎 where 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎
Let 𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 . Let 𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 .
Center (ℎ, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘)
Foci (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)
Vertices (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
(ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
Asymptotes 𝑏 𝑎
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑎 𝑏
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠
Transverse
Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠
Conjugate
Axis
Vertices of (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
Auxiliary (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
Rectangle (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
Length of 2𝑏2 2𝑏2
Latus 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠
𝑎 𝑎
Rectum
Endpoints 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑏2
of Latus (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) , (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 + 𝑐) , (ℎ − , 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Recta 2
𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏 2
𝑏2
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) , (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (ℎ + , 𝑘 − 𝑐) , (ℎ − , 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Note of the following observations:

• In the standard equation, if the leading numerator is 𝑥 2 , then, the hyperbola has a
horizontal orientation. Its transverse axis is horizontal, and its branches open to the
right and to the left as shown in Figure 4.8.
• In the standard equation, if the leading numerator is 𝑦 2 , then, the hyperbola has
vertical orientation. Its transverse axis is vertical, and its branches open upward and
downward as shown in Figure 4.9.
• For both horizontal and vertical hyperbola, “𝒂” represents the distance of the center
(𝒉, 𝒌) to one of the vertices, “𝒃” represents the half-length of the conjugate axis and
“𝒄” represents the distance of the center (𝒉, 𝒌) to one of the foci (use 𝒄 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ).
• In graphing the hyperbola with center at (𝒉, 𝒌), you need to identify the value of a, b,
c, h, and k.

16
 See Figure 4.8. and 4.9. for the graph of the hyperbolas with center at the (ℎ, 𝑘 ).

Figure 4.8. Horizontal Hyperbola with C:(h, k)

Examples Figure 4.9. Vertical Hyperbola with C:(h, k)

Direction: Determine the center, vertices, foci, asymptotes, length of transverse and conjugate
axis, vertices of the auxiliary rectangle and the length and endpoints of latus recta. Sketch the
graphs.
(𝑥−1)2 𝑦2
1. − =1
4 4
(𝑦+2)2 (𝑥−7)2
2. − =1
25 9

Solutions

(1)
• Since the leading numerator is 𝑥 2 , the hyperbola has a horizontal orientation and it
(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐
takes the form − = 𝟏. Also, since − = 𝟏, then the center
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
(𝒉, 𝒌) is (𝟏, 𝟎).
• To identify the different parts, find the value of 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄.
(𝑥−1)2 𝑦2
• Since − = 1, then 𝑎2 = 4 and 𝑏 2 = 4, we have
4 4

𝑎2 = 4 𝑏2 = 4 𝑐 = ඥ𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
ඥ𝑎2 = √4 ඥ𝑏 2 = √4 𝑐 = √4 + 4
𝒂=𝟐 𝒃=𝟐 𝑐 = √8
𝒄 = 𝟐√𝟐 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑

17
 • Since 𝒉 = 𝟏, 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝒃 = 𝟐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 𝟐√𝟐 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑, the table below shows the parts
of the given ellipse.

(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Parts of the Hyperbola
𝟒
−𝟒= 𝟏
Equation in (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
Center (ℎ, 𝑘) (1, 0)
Foci (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (1 + 2√2, 0) ≈ (3.83, 0)
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) (1 − 2√2, 0) ≈ (−1.83, 0)
Vertices (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (3,0)
(ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) (−1, 0 )
Asymptotes 𝑏 2
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 1) + 0 → 𝑦 = ±(𝑥 − 1)
𝑎 2
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(2) = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Transverse
Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(2) = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (1 + 2, 0 + 2) → (3, 2)
Auxiliary (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (1 − 2, 0 + 2) → (−1, 2)
Rectangle (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (1 − 2, 0 − 2) → (−1, −2)
(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (1 + 2, 0 − 2) → (3, −2)
Length of Latus 2𝑏 2 2(2)2
Rectum 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎 2
Endpoints of 𝑏2 𝑏2 22
Latus Recta (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) , (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (1 + 2√2, 0 + ) ≈ (3.83, 2)
𝑎 𝑎 2
𝑏2 𝑏2 22
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) , (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (1 + 2√2, 0 − ) ≈ (3.83, −2)
𝑎 𝑎 2
22
(1 − 2√2, 0 + ) ≈ (−1.83, 2)
2
22
(1 − 2√2, 0 − ) ≈ (−1.83, −2)
2
To graph a hyperbola with the center at the (ℎ, 𝑘),
• Locate and label the center (𝐶 ) of the hyperbola at
the point (1, 0).
• Locate and label the vertices (𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) and foci
(𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) of the hyperbola.
• With a dashed line, draw the auxiliary rectangle
with vertices at(3, 2), (−1, 2), (−1, −2) and (3, −2)
• With a dashed line, draw the asymptotes (the
extended diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle).
• Plot the endpoints of the latus recta
(3.83, 2), (3.83, −2)and
(−1.83, 2), (−1.83, −2)
Connect the endpoints of the latus recta that
intersect the foci.
• Connect the vertices of the hyperbola with the
endpoints of the latus recta to make the two
branches of the hyperbola that approach the
asymptotes. (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Figure 4.10. Graph of
𝟒
− 𝟒
=𝟏
18
 (2)

• Since the leading numerator is 𝑦 2 , the hyperbola has vertical orientation, and it takes
(𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝑦+2)2 (𝑥−7)2
the form
𝒂𝟐
− 𝒃𝟐
. Also, since − = 1, then the center (𝒉, 𝒌) is
25 9
(𝟕, −𝟐).
• To identify the different parts, find the value of 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄
(𝑦+2)2 (𝑥−7)2
• Since − = 1then 𝑎2 = 25 and 𝑏 2 = 9, we have
25 9

𝑎2 = 25 𝑏2 = 9 𝑐 = ඥ𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
ඥ𝑎2 = √25 ඥ𝑏 2 = √9 𝑐 = √25 + 9
𝒂=𝟓 𝒃=𝟑 𝒄 = √𝟑𝟒 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑
• Since 𝒉 = 𝟏, 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝒂 = 𝟓, 𝒃 = 𝟑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = √𝟑𝟒 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑, the table below shows the
parts of the given hyperbola
(𝒚+𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟕)𝟐
Parts of the Hyperbola
𝟐𝟓
− 𝟗 = 𝟏
Equation in (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟕)𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝟓 𝟗
Center (𝐶) (ℎ, 𝑘) (7, −2)
Foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐) (7, −2 + √34) ≈ (7, 3.83)
(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐) (7, −2 − √34) ≈ (7, −7.83)
Vertices (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎) (7, −2 + 5) → (7, 3)
( 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎) (7, −2 − 5) → (7, −7)

Asymptotes 𝑎 5
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 7) − 2
𝑏 3
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(5) = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Transverse
Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(3) = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎) (7 + 3, −2 + 5) → (10, 3)
Auxiliary (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎) (7 − 3, −2 + 5) → (4, 3)
Rectangle (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎) (7 − 3, −2 − 5) → (4, −7)
(ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎) (7 + 3, −2 − 5) → (10, −7)
Length of Latus 2𝑏2 2(3)2
Rectum 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 = 3.6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎 5
Endpoints of 𝑏2 𝑏2 32
Latus Recta (ℎ + , 𝑘 + 𝑐) , (ℎ − , 𝑘 + 𝑐) (7 + , −2 + √34) ≈ (8.80, 3.83)
𝑎 𝑎 5
2
𝑏 𝑏2 32
(ℎ + , 𝑘 − 𝑐) , (ℎ − , 𝑘 − 𝑐) (7 − , −2 + √34) ≈ (5.20, 3.83)
𝑎 𝑎 5
2
3
(7 − , −2 − √34) ≈ (5.20, −7.83)
5
32
(7 + , −2 − √34) ≈ (8.80, −7.83)
5

19
 To graph a hyperbola with the center at the
(ℎ, 𝑘),
• Locate and label the center (𝐶) of
the hyperbola at the (7, −2).
• Locate and label the vertices
(𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) and foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) of
the hyperbola.
• With a dashed line, draw the
auxiliary rectangle with vertices
at (10, 3) , (4, 3), (4, −7) and
(10, −7)
• With a dashed line, draw the
asymptotes (the extended
diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle).
• Plot the endpoints of the latus recta
(8.80, 3.83), (5.20, 3.83)and
(5.20, −7.83), (8.80, −7.83)
Connect the endpoints of the latus
recta that intersect the foci.
• Connect the vertices of the
hyperbola with the endpoints of the
latus recta to make the two
branches of the hyperbola that
approach the asymptotes. (𝒚+𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟕)𝟐
Figure 4.11. Graph of
𝟐𝟓
− 𝟗
=𝟏
Seatwork 4.2

Direction: Determine the center, vertices, foci, asymptotes, length of transverse and conjugate
axis, vertices of the auxiliary rectangle and the length and endpoints of latus recta of the
hyperbola given its equation. Sketch the graphs.
(𝑥+5)2 (𝑦+2)2
1. − =1
36 64
(𝑦+2)2 (𝑥+3)2
2.
15
− 10
=1
TIP: Enrich your knowledge in the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola. You can
visit these links.
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-collegealgebra/chapter/writing-equations-
of-hyperbolas-in-standard-form/
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/equations-of-
hyperbolas/
• https://www.softschools.com/math/pre_calculus/hyperbola_standard_equation/
• https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_intermediate-algebra/s11-04-hyperbolas.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BAN3_sVqI4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yke3HrBLl6s
(Last Accessed on 30 September 2020)

20

(All Websites were last accessed on 30 July 2020)

 General Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola

The general form of the equation of a hyperbola is given by 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 +

𝑬 = 𝟎 where 𝑨 ≠ 𝟎, 𝑩 ≠ 𝟎, and A and B must have opposite sign. You can use the skills you
had develop in the previous lessons. Completing the square and algebraic manipulation are
important for rewriting the general form into a standard form of a hyperbola.

General Form of the Equation of Horizontal Hyperbola

𝑨𝒙𝟐 − 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎 where 𝑨 ≠ 𝟎, 𝑩 ≠ 𝟎

General Form of the Equation of Vertical Hyperbola

−𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎 where 𝑨 ≠ 𝟎, 𝑩 ≠ 𝟎

Examples
Direction: Rewrite the general form into the standard form of the hyperbola. Determine
the different parts of the hyperbola. Sketch the graph.
1. 4𝑥2 − 5𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 + 30𝑦 = 1
2. 25𝑦 2 − 4𝑥2 − 100𝑦 = 0

Solutions

(1)
The following are the steps in transforming the equation of an ellipse to its standard
form.
𝟒 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎𝒚 = 𝟏
𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒚 = 𝟏` Group all x and y terms.

𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙) − 𝟓(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚) = 𝟏 Factor out the greatest

common factor in the x and
y terms.
𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔) − 𝟓(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟗) = 𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟏𝟔) − 𝟓(𝟗) Complete the square on x,
and then add 4(16) = 64 to
the right side of the
equation.

Complete the square on y,

and then add −5(9) = −45
to the right side of the
equation.
𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 − 𝟓(𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 Factor the left side of the
equation by expressing
each of the x and y terms as
a square of a binomial.
Simplify the right side of the
equation.
𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟏𝟔) − 𝟓(𝟗)
= 𝟏 + 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟒𝟓
= 𝟐𝟎

21
 𝟐 Divide both side of the
𝟒(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝟓(𝒚 − 𝟑) 𝟐𝟎
− = equation by 20 to express
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
the equation in the form
(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐
− 𝟐 = 𝟏.
𝒂𝟐 𝒃
𝟐 Simplify.
(𝒙+𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟑)
− =𝟏 4 1 5 1 20
= , = , and = 1
𝟓 𝟒 20 5 20 4 20

𝟐
(𝒙+𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟑)
• Therefore, the standard form of the given hyperbola is − = 𝟏.
𝟓 𝟒
• Since the leading numerator is 𝑥 2 , the hyperbola has a horizontal orientation and it
(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟑)𝟐
takes the form − . Also, since − = 𝟏, then the center (𝒉, 𝒌)
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
is (−𝟒, 𝟑).
• To identify the different parts, find the value of 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄
• With 𝑎2 = 5 and 𝑏 2 = 4, we have
𝑏2 = 4 𝑐 = ඥ𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎2 = 5
ඥ𝑏 2 = √4 𝑐 = √5 + 4
ඥ𝑎2 = √5
𝒃=𝟐 𝒄 = √𝟗
𝒂 = √5 𝒄=𝟑
• Since 𝒉 = −𝟒, 𝒌 = 𝟑, 𝒂 = √𝟓, 𝒃 = 𝟐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = 𝟑, the table below shows the parts
of the given hyperbola.
(𝒙+𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟑)𝟐
Parts of the Ellipse
𝟓
− 𝟒 = 𝟏
Equation in (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟑)𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
Center (ℎ, 𝑘) (−4, 3)
Foci (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) (−4 + 3, 3) → (−1, 3)
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) (−4 − 3, 3) → (−7, 3)
Vertices (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) (−4 + √5, 3) ≈ (−1.76, 3)
(ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) (−4 − √5, 3) → (−6.24, 3)
Asymptotes 𝑏 2√5
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘 𝑦=± (𝑥 + 4) + 3
𝑎 5
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2√5 ≈ 4.47 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Transverse
Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(2) = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏) (−4 + √5, 3 + 2) ≈ (−1.76, 5)
Auxiliary (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 + 𝑏)
(−4 − √5, 3 + 2) ≈ (−6.24, 5)
Rectangle (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏)
(ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 − 𝑏) (−4 − √5, 3 − 2) ≈ (−6.24, 1)
(−4 + √5, 3 − 2) ≈ (−1.76, 1)
Length of Latus 2𝑏 2 2(2)2
Rectum 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 ≈ 3.58 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎 √5
Endpoints of 𝑏2 22
Latus Recta (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (−1, 3 + ) ≈ (−1.76, 4.79)
𝑎 √5
𝑏2 22
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (−1, 3 − ) ≈ (−1.76, 1.21)
𝑎 √5

22
 𝑏2 22
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 + ) (−7, 3 + ) ≈ (−6.24, 4.79)
𝑎 √5
𝑏2 22
(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 − ) (−7, 3 − ) ≈ (−6.24, 1.21)
𝑎 √5

(𝒙+𝟒)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟑)𝟐
Figure 4.12. Graph of
𝟓
− 𝟒
=𝟏

(2)
The following are the steps in transforming the equation of a hyperbola to its standard
form.
𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒚 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 Group all x and y terms.
𝟐𝟓(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚) − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 Factor out the greatest common
factor in the y terms.
𝟐𝟓(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒) − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓(𝟒) Complete the square on y, and
then add 25(4) to the right side
of the equation.
𝟐𝟓(𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Factor the left side of the
equation by expressing each of
the y terms as a square of a
binomial.

Simplify the right side of the

equation. 25(4) = 100
𝟐𝟓(𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Divide both side of the equation
− = by 100 to express the equation
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙−𝒉)𝟐
in the form 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏.

23
 (𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 𝒙𝟐 Simplify.
− 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏 25 1 4
= , =
1
, and
100
= 1.
𝟒
100 4 100 25 100

(y−2)2 x2
• Therefore, the standard form of the given hyperbola is − = 1.
4 25
• Since the leading numerator is 𝑦 2 , the hyperbola has vertical orientation and it takes
(𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 𝒙𝟐
the form − . Also, since − 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏, then the center (𝒉, 𝒌) is (𝟎, 𝟐).
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟒
• To identify the different parts, find the value of 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄
• With 𝑎2 = 4 and 𝑏 2 = 25, we have
𝑐 = ඥ𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑎2 = 4 𝑏 2 = 25
𝑐 = √4 + 25
ඥ𝑎2 = √4 ඥ𝑏 2 = √25
𝒄 = √𝟐𝟗 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟑𝟗
𝒂=𝟐 𝒃=𝟓
• Since 𝒉 = 𝟎, 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝒃 = 𝟓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒄 = √𝟐𝟗 ≈ 𝟓. 𝟑𝟗 , the table below shows the
parts of the given hyperbola.
(𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Parts of the Hyperbola
𝟒
− 𝟐𝟓 =𝟏
Equation in (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 𝒙𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟒 𝟐𝟓
Center (𝐶) (ℎ, 𝑘) (0, 2)
Foci (𝐹1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹2 ) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐) (0, 2 + √29) ≈ (0, 7.39)
(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐) (0, 2 − √29) ≈ (0, −3.39)
Vertices (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎) (0, 2 + 2) → (0, 4)
( 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎) (0, 2 − 2 ) → (0, 0)
Asymptotes 𝑎 2 2
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 0) + 2 → 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 + 2
𝑏 5 5
Length of 2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(2) = 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Transverse
Axis
Length of 2𝑏 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑠 2(5) = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎) (0 + 5, 2 + 2) → (5, 4)
Auxiliary (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 + 𝑎) (0 − 5, 2 + 2) → (−5, 4)
Rectangle (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎) (0 − 5, 2 − 2) → (−5, 0)
(ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘 − 𝑎) (0 + 5, 2 − 2) → (5, 0)
Length of Latus 2𝑏2 2(5)2
Rectum 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 25 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑎 2
Endpoints of 𝑏2 52
Latus Recta (ℎ + , 𝑘 + 𝑐) (0 + , 2 + √29) ≈ (12.5, 7.39)
𝑎 2
𝑏2 5 2
(ℎ − , 𝑘 + 𝑐) (0 − , 2 + √29) ≈ (−12.5, 7.39)
𝑎 2
𝑏2 52
(ℎ + , 𝑘 − 𝑐) (0 + , 2 − √29) ≈ (12.5, −3.39)
𝑎 2
𝑏2 5 2
(ℎ − , 𝑘 − 𝑐) (0 − , 2 − √29) ≈ (−12.5, −3.39)
𝑎 2

24
 (𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 𝒙𝟐
Figure 4.13. Graph of
𝟒
− 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏
Seatwork 4.3.
Direction: Rewrite the general form into the standard form of the hyperbola. Show your
solutions.
1. 3𝑥2 − 2𝑦 2 − 42𝑥 − 16𝑦 = −67
2. 25𝑦2 − 39𝑥 2 + 150𝑥 + 390𝑦 = 1725

More Example
1. The foci of a hyperbola are (-5, -3) and (9, -3). For any point on the hyperbola, the
absolute difference of its distances from the foci is 10. Find the standard equation of
the hyperbola.
(Hint: Find the value of 𝒉, 𝒌, 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 to determine the equation of the hyperbola.)

Solution:

• By plotting the foci of the given hyperbola, it has a horizontal orientation.

To find Center (h, k):

• The given are Foci: (−5, −3), (9, −3), hence, by getting the midpoint of the foci, we will
get the center of the hyperbola.
By using the Midpoint Formula,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐶: ( , )
2 2

25
 −5 + 9 −3 − 3
𝐶: ( , )
2 2
4 −6
𝐶: ( , )
2 2
𝐶: (2, −3)

• Note that the sum of any points on the hyperbola from the foci is equal to the length of
the transverse axis. (The length of the transverse axis is 2𝑎.). For any point on the
hyperbola, the absolute difference of its distances from the foci is 10. Hence, the length
of the transverse axis is 10.
To find a:

We have 𝟐𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎. Then, 𝒂 = 𝟓.

To find the c:
Note that “𝑐” is the distance of one of the foci from the center (ℎ, 𝑘). You just need to count
the distances from one of the foci to the center. The distance between 𝐶: (2, −3) and
𝐹1 (−5, −3) is 7 units while 𝐶: (2, −3) and 𝐹2 (9, −3) is also 7 units.
Hence, 𝑐 = 7.

To find b:
You can rewrite this formula in terms of b, 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 . To solve for b, use 𝒃 = √𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 .
Since 𝒂 = 𝟓 and 𝒄 = 𝟕, we have
𝒃 = ඥ𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 → 𝒃 = ඥ𝟕𝟐 − 𝟓𝟐 → 𝒃 = √𝟒𝟗 − 𝟐𝟓 → 𝒃 = √𝟐𝟒 ≈ 𝟐√𝟔
Hence, 𝒃 = 𝟐√𝟔

Standard Equation:

Since we have found the value of ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏, we can now determine the standard equation
of the ellipse.
(𝒙−𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚−𝒌)𝟐
Since the hyperbola has a horizontal orientation, it takes the form − = 𝟏.
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Given that 𝒉 = 𝟐, 𝒌 = −𝟑, 𝒂 = 𝟓 and 𝒃 = 𝟐√𝟔, we have

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚 − (−𝟑))𝟐
− 𝟐 =𝟏
( 𝟓)𝟐 (𝟐√𝟔)

(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟒
(𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚+𝟑)𝟐
Therefore, the equation is − = 𝟏.
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟒

26
 2. A hyperbola has vertices (−4, −5) and (−4, 9), and one of its foci is (−4, 2 − √65).
Find its standard equation.
Solution:

• By plotting the foci of the given hyperbola, it has a vertical orientation.

To find Center (h, k):

• The given are vertices: (−4, −5), (−4, 9), hence, by getting the midpoint of the foci, we
will get the center of the hyperbola.
By using the Midpoint Formula,
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐶: ( , )
2 2
−4 − 4 −5 + 9
𝐶: ( , )
2 2
−8 4
𝐶: ( , )
2 2
𝐶: (−4, 2)
To find a:
Note that “𝑎” is the distance of one of the vertex from the center (ℎ, 𝑘). You just need to
count the distances from one of the foci to the center. The distance between 𝐶: (−4, 2) and
𝐹1 (−4, −5) is 7 units while 𝐶: (−4, 2) and 𝐹2 (−4, 9) is also 7 units. Hence, 𝑎 = 7.

To find the c:
Note that “𝑐” is the distance of one of the foci from the center (ℎ, 𝑘). Using the distance
formula, you can find the distance between one of the foci (−4, 2 − √65) and the center
(−4, 2).
𝑐 = ඥ(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2
𝑐 = √(−4 + 4)2 + (2 − 2 + √65)
𝑐 = √65

To find b:
You can rewrite this formula in terms of 𝑏, 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 . To solve for b, use 𝒃 = √𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 .
𝟐
Since 𝒂 = 𝟕 and 𝒄 = √𝟔𝟓, we have 𝒃 = √(√𝟔𝟓) − 𝟕𝟐 → 𝒃 = √𝟔𝟓 − 𝟒𝟗 → 𝒃 = √𝟏𝟔 →
𝒃 = 𝟒. Hence, 𝒃 = 𝟒.

Standard Equation:
Since we have found the value of ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏, we can now determine the standard
equation of the hyperbola.
(𝒚−𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙−𝒉)𝟐
Since the hyperbola has a vertical orientation, it takes the form − = 𝟏.
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Given that 𝒉 = −𝟒, 𝒌 = 𝟐, 𝒂 = 𝟕 and 𝒃 = 𝟒, we have

27
 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 − (−𝟒))𝟐
− =𝟏
(𝟕 )𝟐 (𝟒)𝟐

(𝒚 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟔
(𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟒)𝟐
Therefore, the equation is − = 𝟏.
𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟔

Seatwork 4.4.
Instruction: Find the standard equation of the hyperbola which satisfies the given
conditions.
1. Foci (-4, -3) and (-4, 13); the absolute value of the difference of the distances
of any point from the foci is 14.
2. Vertices (−2, 8) and (8, 8), a focus (12, 8)
4 1 4 41
3. Asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑥 + and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + , a vertex (−1, 7)
3 3 3 3

Something to Think of: You probably observe that there are similarities between the
equations of the ellipse and hyperbola. Cite the differences and similarities of the equations
and properties of the ellipse and hyperbola.

Something to Think of: What mathematical skills and background knowledge did you
use to transform the general form of the equation of a hyperbola to its standard form?

TIP: Enrich your knowledge about hyperbola. You can visit the following links.
• https://www.superprof.co.uk/resources/academic/maths/analytical-
geometry/conics/hyperbola.html
• https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Algebra/Book%3A_Algebra_and_Trigonometry
_(OpenStax)/12%3A_Analytic_Geometry/12.03%3A_The_Hyperbola
• https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/hyperbola.html
• https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Hyperbola.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY8-rDNx0BI
(All Websites were last accessed on 30 September 2020)

28
 Apply

You are currently applying as a mathematics teacher in a secondary school in your town.
You are now at the demonstration teaching part of the application process. The mathematics
department head assigned to you the topic hyperbola. She instructed you to investigate the
behaviors of the graphs of a pair of hyperbolas centered at the origin (one hyperbola with
horizontal transverse axis and another transverse axis and another hyperbola with a vertical
transverse axis) and whose values of a and b are equal. She instructed you to compare the
graphs of the two hyperbolas. Further, she pointed out the following properties of the graphs
on which you should concentrate your investigation:

a. Equations of the asymptotes of the graphs of the hyperbolas

b. Distance of each vertex from the origin
c. Coordinates of the vertices
d. Length of the transverse axis
e. Coordinates of the foci
f. Shapes of the graphs

The results of your investigation must be prepared in a selected class through a

PowerPoint presentation. The slides must contain the purpose of the investigation, the
equations of the hyperbolas that satisfy the given conditions, and your investigation results.
The result must be stated in a form of a conclusion, a conjecture, or an equation. The
presentation must be logical, and the contents should be exact and accurate.

Assess

Direction: Encircle the correct answer of the following questions. Show your solution in
a separate clean paper.

1. What is a hyperbola?
a. A set of points in a plane whose difference of the distances from the vertices is
constant.
b. A set of points in a plane whose difference of the distances from the two fixed points
is constant.
c. A set of points in a plane whose sum of the distances from the vertices is constant.
d. It is a set of points in a plane whose sum of the distances from the two fixed points is
constant.
29
2. Which of the following is true about a hyperbola?
a. The transverse and the conjugate axes intersect at the center of the hyperbola
b. The asymptotes intersect the graph of the hyperbola
c. The two fixed points of the hyperbola is located on its exterior.
d. The transverse axis of a hyperbola is always parallel to the x-axis.
(𝑥+7)2 (𝑦+3)2
3. What are the vertices of the hyperbola given by its equation − = 1?
16 9
a. Vertices: (-3, -3) & (-11, -3)
b. Vertices: (-7, 1) & (-7, -7)
c. Vertices: (11, -3) & (3, -3)
d. Vertices: (7, 7) & (7, -1)
𝑥2 𝑦2
4. What is the center of the hyperbola given by its equation − = 1?
9 25
a. (25, 0)
b. (9, 25)
c. (0, 9)
d. (0, 0)
(𝑥+1)2 𝑦2
5. The opening of the branches of the hyperbola given its equation − = 1 is
34 49
a. Upward and to the right
b. Downward and to the left
c. Left and right
d. Upward and downward
(𝑥−6)2 (𝑦−1)2
6. The length of the conjugate axis of the hyperbola given its equation − = 1 is
144 100
a. 12 units
b. 20 units
c. 24 units
d. 100 units
7. What are the coordinates of the foci of the hyperbola represented by the equation
𝑥2 𝑦2
− 36 = 1?
64
(−10, 0), (10, 0)
a.
(−8, 0), (8, 0)
b.
(−6, 0), (6, 0)
c.
(0, 0), (1, −1)
d.
8. What are the coordinates of the vertices of hyperbola represented by the
𝑥2 (𝑦+1)2
equation − = 1?
9 25
a.(−5, −1), (5, −1)
b.(−3, −1), (3, −1)
c.(−2, −1), (2, −1)
d.(−1, 3), (1, 3)
9. The coordinates of the vertices of the auxiliary rectangle of the hyperbola given
(𝑥−4)2 𝑦2
its equation
25
− 9
= 1 are
a. (9, 9), (9, −9), (−1, −9), (1, −9)
30
 b. (9, 3), (9, −3), (−1, 3), (−1, −3)
c. (9, 1), (9, −1), (−1, −3), (1, −3)
d. (3, 1), (3, −1), (−1, −1), (1, −1)
10. What is the standard equation of the hyperbola given its equation 9𝑥2 − 𝑦 2 = 81?
𝑥2 𝑦2
a. − 81 = 1
9
𝑥2 𝑦2
b. − =1
81 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
c. − =1
3 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
d. − =1
9 3

Reflect

1. What important concepts have you learned in this lesson?

2. What are the difficulties have you encountered in the process of learning?
3. In your future career, do you think you can apply this lesson in real life? Why or
why not?

Reference

Books:

Bacani, J., Estrada, G, et. al. Pre-calculus Teacher’s Guide First Edition: Sunshine Interlinks
Publishing House Inc. 2016

Bacani, J., Estrada, G, et. al. Pre-calculus Learner’s Module First Edition: Sunshine Interlinks
Publishing House Inc. 2016

Albay, Eduardo M. DIWA Senior High School Series: Pre-calculus Module: DIWA Learning
SYSTEMS Inc. 2016

Bernabe, Julieta G. and Soledad Jose-Dilao. Geometry Textbook for Third Year: SD
Publications Inc..2009

31
 Websites:

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-collegealgebra/chapter/writing-equations-of-
hyperbolas-in-standard-form/
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/equations-of-
hyperbolas/
• https://www.softschools.com/math/pre_calculus/hyperbola_standard_equation/
• https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_intermediate-algebra/s11-04-hyperbolas.html
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-write-the-equation-of-a-hyperbola-in-standard-
form.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BAN3_sVqI4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yke3HrBLl6s
• https://www.superprof.co.uk/resources/academic/maths/analytical-
geometry/conics/hyperbola.html
• https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Algebra/Book%3A_Algebra_and_Trigonometry_(O
penStax)/12%3A_Analytic_Geometry/12.03%3A_The_Hyperbola
• https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/hyperbola.html
• https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Hyperbola.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY8-rDNx0BI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCwNpq3hy-I
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2wBznTpEr4&list=PLMaQpawmdpWW1wbm1EfYpMlf
p_hQ5s9NU&index=11
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFOwFS_Ahcs&list=PLMaQpawmdpWW1wbm1EfYpMl
fp_hQ5s9NU&index=12
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65M7QMA4NJ0&list=PLMaQpawmdpWW1wbm1EfYp
Mlfp_hQ5s9NU&index=13

Answer Keys

𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 19 = 0 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 15 = 0 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 7
25 9
+ =1
5𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 20 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 = 0 (𝑥 + 6)2 + (𝑦 − 7)2 = 12
144 25 4 9
− =1 + =1
𝑦2 𝑥2 ( 𝑥 − 3 )2 ( 𝑦 + 1)2 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 8 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 9)2 = 16
4 9
− =1
( 𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑦 + 3 )2 64𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 1600 (𝑥 + 4)2 = 16(𝑦 + 2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 21
Neither of the three Ellipse Parabola Circle

Activity: I am Different

32
 33
Seatwork 4.2
Equation in (𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐
standard form − =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝟑𝟔 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
Center (−5, −2) (−3, −2)
Foci (5, −2) (−3, 3)
(−15, −2) (−3, −7)
Vertices (1, −2) (−3, −2 + √15)
(−11, −2 ) (−3, −2 − √15)
Asymptotes 4 √6
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 + 5 ) − 2 𝑦=± (𝑥 + 3) − 2
3 2
Length of 12 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2√15 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Transverse Axis
Length of 16 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2√10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Conjugate Axis
Vertices of (1, 6) (−3 + √10, −2 + √15)
Auxiliary (−11, 6)
(−3 − √10, −2 + √15)
Rectangle (−11, −10)
(1, −10) (−3 − √10, −2 − √15)
(−3 + √10, −2 − √15)
Length of Latus 64 4√15
Rectum 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 3
Endpoints of 26 38 2√15 2√15
ቀ5, ቁ, ቀ5, − 3 ቁ
3
ቀ−3 + , 3ቁ, ቀ−3 −
3
, 3ቁ3
Latus Recta 26 38 2√15 2√15
ቀ−15, 3 ቁ, ቀ−15, − 3 ቁ ቀ−3 − 3
, −7ቁ, ቀ−3 + 3
, −7ቁ
Seatwork 4.1
Equation in standard form 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐
− =𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏
𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟎 𝟒
Center (0, 0) (0, 0)
Foci (6, 0) (0, √𝟓)
(−6, 0) (0, −√𝟓)
Vertices (4, 0) (0, 2)
(−4, 0) (0, −2)
Asymptotes √5 𝑦 = ±2𝑥
𝑦=± 𝑥
2
Length of Transverse 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 4 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Axis
Length of Conjugate Axis 4√5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Vertices of Auxiliary (4, 2√5) (1, 2)
Rectangle (−4, 2√5)
(−1, 2)
(−1, −2)
(−4, −2√5) (1, −2)
(4, −2√5)
Length of Latus Rectum 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 1 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Endpoints of Latus Recta (6, 5), (6, −5) 1 1
(−6, 5), (−6, −5) ( , √5) , (− , √5)
2 2
1 1
( , −√5) , (− , − √5)
2 2
Note: You can round off your answers to the nearest tenths or hundredths for graph sketching.
 34
Seatwork 4.4 Seatwork 4.3
(𝑦−5)2 (𝑥+4)2 (𝑥−7)2 (𝑦∓4)2
1. − =1 1. − =1
Assessment 49 15 16 24
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−8)2 (𝑦+3)2 (𝑥-5)2
2. − =1 2. − =1
25 56 39 25
(𝑥−5)2 (𝑦−7)2
1. b 3. − =1
36 64
2. a
3. a
4. d
5. d
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. b
10.a