INTRODUCTION TO

PHILOSOPHY WITH LOGIC

AND CRITICAL THINKING
CCA’S VISION

City College of Angeles envisions

itself as an institution of hope and
as a premier local college in the
country.
CCA’S MISSION
City College of Angeles is committed to offer
quality education for the holistic development of
competitive, technically capable professionals
with deep sense of excellence, resiliency,
stewardship and patrimony
CORE VALUES
EXCELLENCE
STEWARDSHIP
RESILIENCY
PATRIMONY
FACULTY PROFILE
Name: Frances Liane Sible – Mendoza
School: BA Psychology from UP, currently attending
Holy Angel University Graduate School of Psychology
COURSE INTENDED
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Define Philosophy and explain the relationship of Logic
with other branches of Philosophy.
Identify the fundamentals of logical reasoning.
Apply the science and art of logical thinking in daily life.
Appraise reasoning process by applying the laws of correct
thinking.
Determine the truth and validity of the premises and
conclusions.
Communicate ideas clearly and logically.
THE MEANING OF
PHILOSOPHY
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
DEFINITION
NOMINAL DEFINITION
1. Nominal Definition by Etymology – attained by
tracing the origin of the term.
Ex. Philosophy comes from Greek word philo (love) and
Sophia (wisdom) so that philosophy is “love of wisdom.”
2. Nominal Definition by Description – attained by
describing the term.
Ex. A Tree (may be described as a “living being having
roots, a trunk, several branches, and leaves.”
3. Nominal Definition by Synonym – it is done by
giving a word equivalent to the term.
Ex. Synonyms for female, depending on the context, may
include (“woman,” “lady,” “girl,” “babe,” “shiela,” etc..)
Each of these words has roughly the same meaning as the
word “female” or a high degree of similarity with it rather
than identity.
4. Nominal Definition by Example – it is done by citing
anything that will represent the term.
Ex. Trusting - may be defined as “disclosing personal
secrets or allowing oneself to be vulnerable”
 Wealth -as “having a number of bank accounts”
 

REAL DEFINITION
It does not declare what the thing signifies but explains
what its nature is.
A real definition explains what a thing is and how it is
different from another. A real definition is a complex
term, expressing the note/s that a thing has in common
with similar types and also the note/that differentiate/s it
from another 
1. NOMINAL (TRACING THE
ORIGIN OF THE TERM)
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
A. Philosophy for the Greeks
the term Philosophy was
invented by Pythagoras who
noted that there are three types
of man: a lover of pleasure, a
lover of success and a lover of
wisdom (superior type)
- came from the Greek words philia meaning love and
Sophia meaning wisdom therefore literally means love of
wisdom, which give the impression of someone seeking
wisdom
B. Philosophy for the Chinese
-derived from the words zhe (wisdom)
and xue (study) (che shueh or the study
of wisdom
-philosophy is a human activity that
involves a translation of words into
actions.
Believes in practicing what you preach
C. Philosophy for the Hindus
-is made manifest in the Sanskrit words
anviksiki which means “an examination
of things through the use of true
cognition” and darsana which means “a
mode of seeing”
-to philosophize is to be impartial,
objective and critical in one’s
assessment of reality or any given
phenomenon
D. Philosophy for the Muslim
-falsafa is the Arabic
counterpart of the Greek term
philosophia
-another term, hikma
symbolizes light or
illumination
-views the world and humanity
as intrinsically and
substantially unified. They
seek to establish an
understanding of the spiritual
Pythagoras thought that “man can never perfectly possess
a comprehensive understanding of all that is meant by
wisdom but is only in continuous and ardent pursuit of it.
Only God can be called wise. We can only be lovers of
wisdom.
 
2. REAL (EXPLAINS ABOUT
THE NATURE OF THE TERM)
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
- it is more of a pursuit or quest for the meaning of
something
- a science that studies or investigates all things in their
ultimate causes, reasons and principles based on human
reason alone.
A. PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE (CAME FROM THE
GREEK WORD SCIRE WHICH MEANS TO KNOW)

- we can say that Philosophy is a Science because it seeks

to acquire the knowledge of the causes of things. It does
not rest on opinion or mere belief but pursues the causes
of things. When Philosophy reaches its final stage and
brings itself to perfection, it attains absolute certitude
(natural result of knowing not only the facts but also their
causes)
B. PHILOSOPHY AS THE SCIENCE OF ALL
THINGS

- Philosophy deals with concrete, real and contingent

things. A contingent thing is a thing that is not self-
existent which owes its existence to something other than
itself. It uses abstract concepts to aid us in understanding
concrete things.
C. PHILOSOPHY AS KNOWN IN LIGHT OF
REASON

- a Philosopher uses his power of logic, reason, perception and

interpretation in order to make a more qualified judgment
about making the leap of faith in a given direction. It removes
the uncertainty of which faith to accept, and gives the person
some comfort that is not unfounded.