RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
Educ104

JANICE A. FERNANDEZ
Professor
COVERAGE
1. Definition of Research
2. General Research Types
- Descriptive
- Correlational
- Experimental
3. Quantitative Research
4. Qualitative Research
- Types of Qualitative Data
a. Interview
b. Observations
c. Documents
 COVERAGE
4. Qualitative Research Cont.
- Types of Qualitative Research
1. Narratology
2. Phenomenology
3. Grounded theory
4. Ethnography
5. Case Study
5. Mixed Method Research
 ?
What is
RESEARCH
RESEARCH DEFINITION

• Research is a careful and systematic means of

solving problems. (Thomas and Nelson, 1996).

• Research is a process, an activity in the search for

knowledge through recognized methods of data
collection, analysis and interpretation
(Wiersma, 1995).
RESEARCH DEFINITION
• Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to add
to man’s knowledge of a problem may be regarded as research.
(Theodorson and Theodorson 1969 cited in Reber 1995, p.663)

• The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all sciences. Put
simply and cursorily, the aim is to make known something
previously unknown to human beings. It is to advance human
knowledge, to make it more certain or better fitting. . . the aim
is, as I have said, discovery. (Elias 1986, p.20)
RESEARCH DEFINITION
RESEARCH – a systematic process
RE-SEARCH – an iterative process
Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze
information in order to increase our understanding of a topic
or issue (Creswell, 2005).
Generally, research consists of 3 steps:
1. Pose a question
2. Collect data to answer the question
3. Present an answer to the question
WHY UNDERTAKE RESEARCH?
• To investigate some existing situation or problem.
• To provide solutions to a problem.
• To explore and analyze more general issues.
• To construct or create a new procedure or system.
• To explain a new phenomenon.
• To generate new knowledge.
• A combination of two or more of any of the above.
(Hussey and Hussey 1997)
WHY UNDERTAKE RESEARCH?
Quality research is the lifeblood of any
scientific discipline. Without it, disciplines
would stagnate, failing to advance past their
current limits and understanding.
(Wann 1997 p.17)
VALUES OF RESEARCH

• General Purposes:
• The principal purpose of research is the
preservation and improvement of the quality of
human life.
• All types of research are directed to this end –”to
serve man and make his life better.”
THE RESEARCH
CYCLE/SPIRAL
Problem
Identification

Reporting and
Reviewing
Evaluating the
literatures
Study

Analyzing and
Interpreting the Setting the
Data objectives

Collecting data
THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN
IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE

NEW NEW
SKILLS/PRACTI
KNOWLED CES/
GE BEHAVIORS
IMPROVED
RESEAR CONDITION/
WELFARE
CH
NEW
NEW TOOLS/DEVIC
TECHNOLOGY ES/
APPROACHES
USES OF RESEARCH AS A
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS

o determine/describe an existing situation situation

analysis),
o describe a population (people, objects,
institutions, etc.),
o compare two conditions or group of population,
o determine existence, degree, or nature of
relationship between two or more factors,
GENERAL TYPES
OF RESEARCH
GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH
(Fraenkel and Wallen, 1996)

 Descriptive Research
 Correlational or
Association Research
 Experimental or
Intervention Research
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

 It finds answer to the question who, what, when, where, and

how.
 It describes situation or a given state of affairs in terms of
specified aspects or factors.
 What may be described are characteristics of individuals or
groups (farmers, students, administrators, entrepreneurs,
patients etc.) or physical environments (schools, business
establishments, hospitals, cooperatives etc.) or conditions
(epidemic, calamities, leadership styles, anxiety level, sales
and profit etc.)
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
EXAMPLES

“The Management Style of School Administrators in Tagum City”

“The Factors that Influence Learning among Grade 5 Students in the Public
Elementary Schools in Tagum city”
“Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers in Government and Private
Hospitals”

“Marketing Practices of the Loom Weaving Industry in Region XI”

“A Typical Office Day of a Government Employee: a Time Allocation Study”

“Tardiness and Absenteeism among High School Students”

2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

 goes beyond description of the problem or situation.

 attempts to explain possible factors related to a problem
which have been observed in a descriptive study.
 this type of study answers the questions why and how?
 The factors related to the problem, however, need not be
viewed as real “causes” of the problem, but factors which
are associated with and may contribute to the occurrence
of the problem.
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

 The researcher investigates relationships between

factors or variables.
 Certain factors are “assumed” to explain or
contribute to the existence of a problem or a certain
condition or the variation in a given situation.
 The researcher usually uses theory or a hypothesis
to account for or explain the forces that are
“assumed to have caused” the problem.
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
EXAMPLES
“Knowledge about Cancer and Compliance with Diet, Exercise, and Medical Regimen
among Cancer Patients”
“Relationship Between Socioeconomic Factors and Absenteeism Among High School
Students in the Division of Tagum City”
“Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers in Government
and Private Hospitals in Tagum City”
“Marketing Strategies and Sales Performance of Garment Industries in the Province of
Davao del Norte”
“Employment and Income as Determinants of Loan Payment Status of Borrowers of Credit
Cooperatives in Davao del Norte”
“Factors Associated with Extent of Involvement in Local Governance among Barangay
Officials in Region XI”
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

 It evaluates the effect or outcome of a particular

intervention or treatment.
 It studies the “cause and effect” relationship between
certain factors on a certain phenomenon under controlled
conditions.
 The subjects of the study are randomly assigned to the
experimental group and controlled group and both groups
are exposed to similar conditions except for the
intervention/treatment.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
EXAMPLES

“The Effects of Cooperative Learning Approach on the Performance in

Mathematics of Junior High School Students of Central Philippines University”

“Advertising: Its Effects on Sale and Profit of Auto Parts Business Establishment in
Metro Manila”

“The Effects of Different Levels of Applied Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of
Rice”

“The Impact of the ADB-Assisted Microfinance Projects on the Living Condition

of the Beneficiaries”
REFERENCES

• Presentation of PAULINO S. ANGGA,

Ed.D.
• Understanding and Doing Research by
Fely P. David
Thank you…