Hypothesis Testing

By :
Dela Puspita (4122001096)
Sanya Christin T (4122001080)
 01
Definition
Hypothesis comes from the Greek, namely hupo
and thesis. Hupo means weak, lacking, or under
and thesis means a theory, proposition, or
statement presented as evidence.

In hypothesis testing, the decisions made contain

uncertainty, meaning that the decision can be
right or wrong, giving rise to risk. The size of the
risk is expressed in terms of probability.
 02
Steps & Procedure
1.
1.  Determining Hypothesis Formulation

The formulation of statistical hypotheses can be divided into two types, namely as follows:

a. Null hypothesis, symbolized is a hypothesis formulated as a statement to be tested.

b. Alternative hypothesis or counter hypothesis, The alternative hypothesis is symbolized
or , which is a hypothesis that is formulated as the opposite or counter to the null
hypothesis.

In general, the formulation of the hypothesis can be written as :

(This test is called right side test)
(This test is called left side test)
(This test is called two-sided test)
1.
2.  
Determining the Significant Level

The real level is the size of the tolerance limit in accepting the error of the hypothesis
results to the value of the population parameter.

The real level is symbolized by (alpha).

The higher the level of significance used, the higher the rejection of the null hypothesis or
the hypothesis being tested, even though the null hypothesis is true.

The value of depends on the courage of the decision maker, in this case how much error
will be tolerated. The magnitude of the error is referred to as the critical region of test or
the region of rejection.
1.
3.  
Determining the Testing Criteria

Testing criteria is a form of decision making in accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis ()
by comparing the value of the distribution table (critical value) with the statistical test
value, according to the form of the test.

a. Acceptance of occurs if the value of the statistical test is smaller or greater than the
positive or negative value of table. Or the value of the statistical test is outside the
critical value.
b. The rejection of occurs if the value of the statistical test is greater or less than the
positive or negative value of table. Or the value of the statistical test is within the
critical value.
4. Determining the Value of Statistical Tests

Statistical tests are formulas related to certain distributions in hypothesis testing. Statistical
test is a calculation to estimate the parameters of sample data taken randomly from a
population.
1.
5.  
Making Conclusions

Making conclusions is the determination of decisions in terms of acceptance or rejection of

the null hypothesis (), in accordance with the testing criteria. Conclusions are made after
comparing the value of the statistical test with the value of 𝛼 table or critical value.
 03
Testing Hypothesis about
Population Mean
 ● number
Note : what is meant by is the   z such that the area
under the standard normal curve on the z-axis from to the
right ( or P(z > ) = )
Exercise : The incandescent lamp manufacturer A says that
the lamp can last approximately 800 hours. Recently there
has been speculation that the lamp life has changed. To
determine this, a study was conducted by testing 50 lamps.
Turns out the average is 792 hours. From experience, it is
known that the standard deviation of lamp life is 60 hours.
Investigate with a significance level of 0.05 whether the
quality of the lamps has changed or not.
Known
  :  Decision criteria :

= 800 h n = 50 is rejected if z < - or z >

x = 792 h σ = 60 h That is z < -1.96 or z > 1.96
Hypothesis : Count :

: μ = 800 h z = (792 – 800)/(60/√50) = - 0, 94

: μ ≠ 800 h Conclusion :

Significance level : Since z = -0.94 which means

-1.96 < z < 1.96 then is accepted.
α = 0.05
So at the 0.05 level of significance, there
Test statistics : is sufficient reason to assume that the
quality of the lamps has not changed.
 04
Testing Hypothesis about
the difference of Two
Populations Means
 Paired Data

Two Population Mean

Hypothesis Testing

Unpaired Data
 Paired Data

Wi = Xi – Yi, where i = null hypothesis w = 0 indicates that the learning method is not successful in increasing learning
outcomes.
The assumption that must be fulfilled is that Wi is normally distributed.
Unpaired Data
 05
Hypothesis about
Population Proportion
 06
Hypothesis about the
Difference of Two Population
Proportions
 hyposthesis about the difference of two population
mean

The hypothesis about the difference in the mean of two populations takes two
forms:

1. Two-way test hypothesis

used to determine whether two populations have the same proportion or not.

2. One-way test hypothesis

used to determine whether the first population has a proportion that is smaller or
larger than the proportion in the second population.
Hypothesis for two-way test: Hypothesis for one-way test:

or

= population mean parameters

= population mean
difference (selisih)
Test statistics
The test statistics used in the average test are:

= sample mean of the population

= population mean difference
(selisih)
= population variance
= number of samples used
Critical Area
The critical area Is the area that is used to reject or not reject Ho.

The critical point of the two-way test is:

The critical point of the one-way test is:

or

 = real level
Decision
• The decision for the two-way test is to reject Ho
If z < –Zα/2 or z > Zα/2.

• The decision for the two-way test is

Reject If
Reject If
Example:
1.   random sample of size taken from a normal population with standard deviation has a middle value = 81. A
A
second random sample of size taken from another normal population with standard deviation has a middle value
Test the hypothesis at the level of significance at 0.06 that alternative opponent ≠

ANSWER:
 Z > Z
4,22 > 1,881

DECISION : Reject Ho
CONCLUSION: there is sufficient evidence to say that the
population mean 1 is not the same as the population mean 2
 07
Testing the Difference of
Two Population Means of
Paired Data
Difference Test of Two Average Paired Data
Paired data is data that has two different treatments on the same object or
sample
For example.
Effect of Productivity before and after training for Badu. So here there are two
treatments, on the same sample. Data like this is called data that is not free or non-
independent.

Difference Test of Two Average Paired Data

Formula
Where,
t : Distribution value
t : The average value of the difference between paired observations
SD : Standard deviation of the difference between paired observations
n : Number of paired observations
d : Difference between paired data
 Thank You
Does anyone have any questions?

snyachristin@gmail.com

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 Patient Medical History
2005
Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest in our Solar System

2008
Despite being red, Mars is a very
Age cold place, not hot
25

Gender Female 2012

Saturn is the ringed one. It’s
Location Madrid, Spain composed of hydrogen
Awesome
Words
 Systems’ Review

Mars Mercury
Despite being red, Mars is a Mercury is the closest to the
cold place. The planet is full Sun and the smallest one in
of iron oxide dust the Solar System

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is a gas giant and the Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a
biggest planet in our Solar gas giant, composed mostly of
System hydrogen
A Picture Is
Worth A
Thousand
Words
 Evolution

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the Venus has a nice
closest to the Sun name, but it’s hot

Mars Jupiter
To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data
and paste the new graph here, replacing this one.
Despite being red, It’s the biggest in the
You can see how to modify the graph here Mars is cold System
 Prevalence

10% 30%
Mercury is the Venus has a nice
closest to the Sun name, but it’s hot

25% 35%
Despite being red, Jupiter is the biggest
Mars is cold planet

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the
data and paste the new graph here, replacing this one. Learn
how to modify the graph here
 Discussion

Dr. Jenna Doe Dr. John James

“Despite being red, Mars is a cold place, “Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest in
not hot. It’s full of iron oxide dust, which our Solar System. It’s the fourth-
give its reddish cast” brightest object in the sky”
150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 Comparison

Jupiter Mercury Venus Mars

No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes

No Yes Yes No

No Yes Yes No
 Diagnosis

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest to Venus has a nice name, but Despite being red, Mars is
the Sun it’s hot a cold place

Jupiter Saturn Neptune

Jupiter is a gas giant and Saturn is composed mostly Neptune is the farthest
the biggest one of hydrogen from the Sun
 Higher Incidence

35% 10%
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is composed
planet mostly of hydrogen

40% 15%
Mercury is the closest Venus has a nice
to the Sun name, but it’s hot
 Treatment

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place full of iron oxide
dust
Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest planet in our Solar
System
 Patient Monitoring

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Mercury is the Venus has a nice Saturn is mostly Mars is a very cold
smallest planet of name, but it’s terribly composed of planet despite being
them all hot hydrogen a red place
 Contraindications & Indications

● You can describe the treatment
contraindication here
● You can describe the treatment
contraindication here
● You can describe the treatment
contraindication here
● You can describe the treatment
indication here
● You can describe the treatment
indication here
● You can describe the treatment
indication here
 Post-Prevention
Mars
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is a gas giant Saturn is composed
and the biggest mostly of hydrogen

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a nice name,
to the Sun but it’s hot
 9h 56m 23s
Is Jupiter's rotation period

333,000.000
Earths is the Sun’s mass

386,000 km
Is the distance between the Earth and the Moon
 Case Timeline

Day 2 Day 4
Venus has a very Jupiter is mostly
beautiful name made of hydrogen

Day 1 Day 3 Day 5

Mercury is the The Earth is a planet Despite being red,
closest to the Sun with life Mars is very cold
 Conclusions

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and

the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s
only a bit larger than our Moon. The planet’s
name has nothing to do with the liquid metal
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