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Truth: The Essence of Formal Validity: Formal Validity - May Be A Mere Logical Term For
Truth: The Essence of Formal Validity: Formal Validity - May Be A Mere Logical Term For
VALIDITY
For example:
Every Filipino is a thinking being.
Some Filipinos are not doctors.
Ergo, some doctors are not thinking beings.
Principles of Inference
What is a principle?
The word principle always connotes
something that already existed and
from it something else will either come
to exist or will be known.
Three major pairs of principles:
1.Principle of Identity and the Principle of
Contradiction
2.Principle of Identifying the Third and the
Principle of Separating the Third
3.Principle of Dictum de Omni and the
Principle of Dictum de Nullo
Principle of Identity
It is a principle which claims that if any argument is true
then it is really true. This principle is best described through
the statement “ Whatever is, is “ or through the statement “
Everything is what is “. Let us consider the examples:
1. Every horse is an animal.
Ergo, some animals are horses.
2. Every flower is fragrant.
A rose is a flower.
Ergo, a rose is fragrant.