Chapter 1.2 DC Motor

Introduction to Electrical
Systems
EE042-4-2-IES / VE1
DC Motor
TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE
LESSON
• Back EMF
• Torque
• Speed
• Power Stages
• Efficiency
• Losses
EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• At the end of this topic, YOU should be able

to:
– Interpret the working principles and
performance characteristics of DC machines.
(C3, PLO2)

KEY TERMS YOU MUST BE ABLE
TO USE
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use
the following terms correctly in your assessments: -
– Back EMF
– Torque
– Speed
– Power Stages
– Efficiency
– Losses

Operating Principle
• An
electric motor is a machine which converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• The principle: When a current carrying
conductor is placed in between of flux, it
experiences a mechanical force given by:
o F = Force in Newtons
o B = Magnetic Flux Density in
o I = Current through the conductor in Ampere
o l = Length of the conductor
Illustration

Motor Principle
• There is no basic difference between DC

generator and DC motor.
• In fact, the same DC machine is
interchangeable as a generator or as a
motor.
• DC motor also can be classified as
o Shunt motor
o Series motor
o Compound motor
Fleming Left Hand Rule
Torque

Generator Action

Generator Action
• As the armature rotates, the flux lines are

pushed away and crowded at a single
side.
• The elastic property of flux lines opposes
the armature rotation.
• The work done by armature to overcome
the opposition force is then converted into
electricity.

Motor Action
•• With supplied voltage, the
current would rotate the
armature.
• The rotating armature induces
current in opposite direction. It
is called back emf, .
• The supplied voltage must be
strong to overcome the back
emf.
• The work done in overcoming
this opposition is converted
into mechanical energy.
Direction of Force
Weak Strong

Back Emf
•
• When the motor armature rotates, it cut
the flux lines.
• This action produces an emf which is
counter the direction of supplied voltage,
and it is called Back emf, .
• The power required to overcome the
opposition is .

Equivalent Circuit

Back Emf Equation
•
, N is in rps.
is now a controlling factor to control the
motor torque. If is higher, the torque is
higher.

Voltage Equation of A Motor
•
• The voltage V applied to the motor
armature has to
1. Overcome the back emf,
2. Supply the armature ohmic drop, .
• Therefore,

Voltage Equation of A Motor
•
• Multiply both sides by , then we get
o = Electrical input power to the armature

o = Electrical equivalent of mechanical power
developed
o = Cu loss in armature

Condition for Maximum Power
•
• Given the equation
• Differentiating both side with respect to

and equate to zero, we get:

Condition for Maximum Power
•
But,
Therefore,
And,
• The mechanical power developed by a
motor is maximum when back emf is equal
to half the applied voltage.

Motor Efficiency
•
• The motor efficiency is given by the
equation:
• Higher results in higher efficiency.

• For maximum power, the efficiency is
50%.

Example
• A 220V DC machine has an armature

resistance of 0.5Ω. If the full load armature
current is 20A, find the induced emf when
the machine acts as
o Generator
o Motor
• (Ans: 230V, 210V)

Example
A 440V shunt motor has armature resistance

of 0.8Ω and field resistance of 200Ω.
Determine the back emf when giving an
output of 7.46kW at 85% efficiency.
(Ans: 425.8V)

Example
A 25kW, 250V DC shunt generator has

armature and field resistances of 0.06 Ω and
100 Ω respectively. Determine the total
armature power developed when working
o As generator delivering 25kW output
o As a motor taking 25kW input
(Ans: 26.25kW, 23.8kW)

Example
•
A 4 pole, 32 conductor lap wound DC shunt
generator with terminal voltage of 200V delivering
12A to the load with and field resistance of 200 Ω.
It is driven at 1000 rpm. Calculate the flux per pole
in the machine. If the machine has to be run as a
motor with the same terminal voltage and drawing
5A from the main, maintaining the same magnetic
field, find the speed of the machine.
(Ans: 0.42375 Wb, 850 rpm)

Think while you rest…

Torque
•
• Torque is the force of turning or twisting
about an axis. It is measured by the
product of force and the radius from the
axis.
Nm
• However, work done in a revolution is
Joule

Torque
• Power developed
o Where N is the revolution per second
o Where
• Therefore

Armature Torque of a Motor
•
• Armature Torque is the torque developed
in an armature.
• If is the armature torque, then
Watt
• To find , we can also

• Therefore:
• And
• So,

•
• From this relationship, we know
• For series case, is proportional to both

and .
• For shunt case, is proportional to only.

•
o N is in rps
• If N is in rpm, then:

Shaft Torque
•
• The whole armature torque is not available
for doing useful work, because certain
percentage of it is required for supplying
iron and friction losses in the motor.
• The torque which is available for doing
useful work is known as shaft torque, .

Formulation
•

Formulation
•
• The difference, is known as lost torque

and is due to iron and friction losses of the
motor.

Example
A DC series motor takes an armature

current of 110 A at 480 V. The armature
circuit resistance is 0.2 Ω. The machine has
6-poles and the armature is lap-connected
with 864 conductors. The flux per pole is
0.05 Wb. Calculate
– The speed
– The gross torque developed by the armature
(Ans: 636 rpm, 756.5 Nm)
Example
A 250 V, 4-pole, wave-wound DC series

motor has 782 conductors on its armature. It
has armature and series field resistance of
0.75 Ω. The motor draws a current of 40 A.
Estimate its speed and gross torque
developed if it has a flux per pole of 25
mWb.
(Ans: 337.59 rpm, 249 Nm)

Example
Determine the developed torque and shaft

torque of 220 V, 4-pole series motor with
800 conductors wave-connected supplying a
load of 8.2 kW by taking 45 A from the main.
The flux per pole is 25 mWb and its
armature circuit resistance is 0.6Ω.
(Ans: 286.5 Nm, 270.5 Nm)

Example
A 500 V, 37.3 kW, 1000 rpm DC shunt motor has

on full-load efficiency of 90%. The armature
resistance is 0.24 Ω and total brush drop is 2V.
Field current is 1.8 A. Determine
o Full load line current
o Full load shaft torque
o Total resistance in motor starter to limit the starting
current to 0.5 times the full load current maintaining
same back emf.
(Ans: 82.9 A, 356 Nm, 0.25 Ω)
Think…

Speed of a DC Motor
•
• The speed of a DC motor is directly

proportional to back emf and inversely
proportional to the flux.

Speed of a DC Motor
•
• Before the saturation of magnetic poles,

Speed Regulation
• Speed Regulation is the change in speed

of a motor with change in applied load
torque, while other conditions remain
constant.
• The change in speed here means the
change due to inherent properties, not the
effect by manipulation of rheostat or other
speed controlling devices.

Speed Regulation
•
• The change in speed when the load on the
motor is reduced from rated value to zero,
expressed as percent of the rated load
speed.

Relationship between Torque and
Speed of a DC Motor
• Torque
is a function of flux and armature
current. But it is independent of speed.
• Speed and torque are not in a vice-versa
relationship. Torque increases speed but
not depend on speed.

Relationship between Torque and
Speed of a DC Motor
•
1. If field current decrease, flux decrease,
then back emf decrease.
2. Armature current increase.
3. The effect of increment of is greater than
reduction of flux. According to .
4. Therefore, torque increases without the
effect of speed.

Example
A 4-pole series motor has 944 wave-

connected armature conductors. At a certain
load, the flux per pole is 34.6 mWb and the
total mechanical/gross torque developed is
209 Nm. Calculate the line current taken by
the motor and the speed at which it will run
with an applied voltage of 500 V. Total motor
resistance is 3Ω.
(Ans: 20.1 A, 403.8 rpm)
Example
A DC series motor operates at 800 rpm with

a line current of 100 A from 230 V main. Its
armature circuit resistance is 0.15 Ω and its
field resistance 0.1 Ω. Find the speed at
which the motor runs at a line current of 25
A, assuming that the flux at this current is
45% at the flux at 100 A.
(Ans: 1940 rpm)

Example
A 200 V DC shunt motor takes 4 A at no-load when

running at 700 rpm. The field resistance is 100 Ω.
The resistance of armature at standstill gives a
drop of 6 V across armature terminals when 10 A
passed through it. The normal input of the motor is
8 kW. Calculate
a) Speed on load
b) Torque
c) Efficiency
(Ans: 623.9 rpm, 103 Nm, 79.2%)

Example
A 220 V DC series motor is running at a

speed of 800 rpm and draws 100 A.
Calculate at what speed the motor will run
when developing half of the torque. Total
resistance of the armature and field is 0.1 Ω.
Assume that the magnetic circuit is
unsaturated.
(Ans: 1147 rpm)

Is it true…?

Losses and Efficiency
•
• The losses in motor is same with losses in
generators. They are:
o Copper Loss
o Magnetic Loss
o Mechanical Loss
• To achieve maximum efficiency,

Power Stages
𝐶
η𝑐 =
𝐴
𝐵 𝐶
η𝑒 = η𝑚 =
𝐴 𝐵
Example
A 500 V DC shunt motor takes a current of

5A on no-load. The resistances of the
armature and field circuit is 0.22Ω and 250Ω
respectively. Find
o The efficiency when loaded and taking a
current of 100A
State precisely the assumption made.
(Ans:90.8%)

Example
The armature winding of a 4-pole, 250V DC shunt

motor is lap connected. There are 120 slots, each
slot containing 8 conductors. The flux per pole is
20mWb and current taken by the motor is 25A.
The resistance of armature and field circuit are
0.1Ω and 125Ω respectively. If the rotational loss is
810W, find:
o Gross torque
o Useful torque
o Efficiency
(Ans: 70.4Nm, 60.4Nm, 78.2%)
Think…

Example
A 6-pole, 500V wave-connected shunt motor has 1200
armature conductors and flux per pole of 20mWb. The
armature and field resistance are 0.5Ω and 250Ω
respectively. What will be the speed and torque
developed by the motor when it draws 20A from the
supply main? Neglect the armature reaction. If the
magnetic and mechanical losses is 900W, find:
o Useful torque
o Output power
o Efficiency
(Ans: 184.8Nm, 7938W, 79.4%)

Example
A 37300W, 460V DC shunt motor running light

takes a current of 4A and runs at a speed of
660rpm. The resistance of the armature circuit
(including brushes) is 0.3Ω and that of the shunt
field current 270Ω. Determine when the motor is
running at full load:
o The current input
o The speed
o The armature current at which the efficiency is
maximum. Ignore the armature reaction.
(Ans: 90.2A, 624rpm, 78.33A)
DC Motor Characteristic
••
The inter-relationship between speed, N,
Torque, , and Armature Current,
o Torque and armature current
o Speed and armature current
o Speed and torque
• Applicable for both
o Series Motor
o Shunt Motor

Series: characteristic

•
• characteristic
• Before saturation of flux

Series: characteristic


Series: Characteristic

𝐸𝑏
𝑁=
∅

Series: Characteristic


Shunt: characteristic


Shunt: Characteristic


Shunt: Characteristic


QUICK REVIEW QUESTIONS
• What is the operating principle of a DC motor?

• What is the difference between DC motor and DC
generator?
• What is back EMF?
• How the power stages are different from DC
generator?
• How to calculate torque

SUMMARY OF MAIN TEACHING
POINTS
• The operating principle of DC motor

• The difference between DC motor and DC generator.
• The calculation of Back EMF.
• The definition of power stages in DC motor.
• The calculation of Torque.
• The type of DC motor connection
• The type of losses and calculation of efficiency.

QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION
Q&A

WHAT WE WILL COVER NEXT
• Three Phase System

Chapter 1.2 DC Motor

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Introduction to Electrical

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 2

• At the end of this topic, YOU should be able

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 3

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 4

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 6

• There is no basic difference between DC

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 8

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 9

• As the armature rotates, the flux lines are

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 10

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 12

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 13

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 14

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 15

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 16

o = Electrical input power to the armature

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 17

• Differentiating both side with respect to

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 18

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 19

• Higher results in higher efficiency.

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 20

• A 220V DC machine has an armature

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 21

A 440V shunt motor has armature resistance

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 22

A 25kW, 250V DC shunt generator has

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 23

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 24

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 25

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 26

o Where N is the revolution per second

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 27

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 28

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 29

• For series case, is proportional to both

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 30

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 31

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 32

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 33

• The difference, is known as lost torque

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 34

A DC series motor takes an armature

A 250 V, 4-pole, wave-wound DC series

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 36

Determine the developed torque and shaft

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 37

A 500 V, 37.3 kW, 1000 rpm DC shunt motor has

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 39

• The speed of a DC motor is directly

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 40

• Before the saturation of magnetic poles,

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 41

• Speed Regulation is the change in speed

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 42

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 43

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 44

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 45

A 4-pole series motor has 944 wave-

A DC series motor operates at 800 rpm with

EE042-4-2-Introduction to Electrical System Ch1.2-DC Motor Slide 47

A 200 V DC shunt motor takes 4 A at no-load when