COMPUTER HARDWARE

- is a data processing machine and it needs user’s instructions to perform any job.
- the physical components that a computer system requires to function

What is a computer?
- is a data processing machine and it needs user’s instructions to perform any job.

In terms of computer parts, what is a hardware?

- It is the tangible part or physical part of the computer.
1.1 Fundamental Parts of a Computer

- monitor, keyboard, mouse, webcam, speakers, and system unit

[motherboard, graphics card, sound card, RAM, HDD, CPU
(Central Processing Unit), ventilation fans, and power supply].

We categorize them into two: input and output devices.

 Input Devices
- are used to give data and instructions to the computer. Various types of input
devices can be used with the computer depending upon the type of data you
want to enter in the computer.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick and Game-pad
• Light Pen
• Scanner
• Microphone
• Trackball
Keyboard - it is used to enter data and instructions directly into the computer.

Mouse - it is basically a pointing device which works on the principle of Point and
Click.

Joystick and Game-pad - are used to control the movement of object on the
screen. Just like mouse, these are also pointing devices. Mostly they are used for
playing games on the computer.

Light pen - is a pen shaped device which can be used by directly pointing the
objects on the screen. It can also be used for making drawings directly on the
monitor screen.
Scanner - reads the image and saves it in the computer as a file.

Touchscreen - is a special computer screen that takes the input by sensing the
touch of a human finger, gloved hand, stylus, pen or any other pointing device. The
user gives instructions to the computer just by touching the screen.

Microphone - is an input device which is used to record sound or voice into the
computer system. You can store voice data in the computer by speaking in front of
this device.

Trackball - is like a mouse but is mounted in a fixed position. The user spins the
ball with fingers to move the pointer on the screen.
 Output Devices
- are used to display the results or information are called Output
Devices.

• Monitor
- Cathode Ray Tube(CRT)Monitor
- Liquid crystal Display(LCD)Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
Monitor - is the most common output device connected with the
computer to display the processed information. Pictures are displayed by
using a large number of very small dots on screen called pixels.

Printer - gives a printed output of the results that appears on the monitor
screen. Printed output is also called Hard Copy output because unlike
monitor, this output can be preserved even if the computer is switched off.

Speakers - are used to listen to the music and sounds played by the
computer.
 Your computer stores in its memory data, instructions, and
information to act upon the use for decision making. The computer’s
processor (CPU) is the central component of your computer. The
processor uses data and information from either an input or memory
to execute instructions and gain new information.
 Process-and-Control
The process-and-control part of a computer is commonly known as the central
processing unit (CPU).

Ex. Intel and AMG (Advances Micro Devices)

A CPU has at least a single core. A core is the basic computing unit of a CPU.

HOW DOES IT WORKS?

The CPU must connect its one or more cores outside the CPU such as to the computer
memory or I/O devices.
 A common measure of CPU performance is CPU frequency (also known as clock
rate) expressed in terms of Hertz or Hz. For computers, 1Hz is one cycle of a CPU per
second, where cycle is used to perform one instruction of a program that is being
executed by the CPU. Common expressions of CPU frequency is in megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz (GHz), which are a million and a billion Hz, respectively.

Memory
- It is a capacity (how much they can store) and access time (how fast the data are
read or written).

Types of memory that are commonly found in computers:

- Registers, Cache, Main or Primary memory (RAM), and Secondary memory
(Hard Drive)
 Capacity of a computer memory is measured in bytes. One byte is
made of 8 bits. A bits is the smallest form of digital memory; it is
either a zero or a one. Common expressions of computer memory
include kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes
(TB), kilobytes (KB), and megabytes (MB). Computer access time is
measured in seconds, such as microseconds (µsec) and nanoseconds
(ns) which are millionth and billionth of a second.
Input – Output Interface
A common way to connect I/O devices using a cable is through a
universal serial bus or USB port. For wireless computers, Bluetooth
is one of the most common ways to connect.
 Mainstream Classes of Computers
1. Desktop computers – these are characterized by the newest, high-performance
CPUs. Computers in this class include personal computers (PCs) and
workstations.
2. Server computers – these are characterized by reliability, scalability, ang
throughput efficiency. Computers in this class include business-class CPUs
and supercomputers.
3. Embedded computers - these are characterized by price, ubiquity, minimal
memory, and power consumption with heat dissipation. Smartphones, tablets,
digital cameras, and wearables such as fitness trackers and Bluetooth
earphones also belong to this class.
 Trends of Computers
Some of the main trends we can watch out for about computers, such as laptop,
smartphones, and other gadgets.

Bandwidth (throughput) – is simply the amount of information unit that is processed per
unit of time (kilobytes or megabytes).

Latency (response) – is simply the time lapses between the start and end of a process or task.
In computer memory, latency refers to milliseconds for a hard drive to access data.

Transistor technology – refers to the process of transistor creation, including size and
performance. A transistor is the smallest physical component of a CPU that performs
computation.
Assignment:

Answer “Analyze and Apply number 1, 2, and 3” on page 10-11 on your module.

Note: Produce two outputs, encoded (to be posted in our google classroom – the
deadline will be on Sunday at 12nn) and handwritten (to be submitted next
week). Failure to comply will be given 3 points for both assignments.

G Class Code:
Our Lady of Lourdes - ckixxw4
Our Lady of Peace - r7gnh5d