HARMFUL EFFECTS OF

VOLCANIC GASES
 LAVA FLOW
- streams of molten rock
that pour or ooze from an
erupting vent

- typically move slowly

enough to outrun them, but
they will destroy
everything in their path
 DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF LAVA
FLOWS
1.) Lava flows may instigate other types of 4.) If it enters a body of water or water
hazards. enters a lava tube, the water may boil
violently and cause an explosive shower
of molten spatter over a wide area.
2.) Everything in the path of an advancing
lava flow will be knocked over,
5.) Methane gas, pruced as lava buries
surrounded, buried, or ignited by the
vegetation, can migrate in subsurface
extremely hot temperature of lava.
voids and explode when heated.

3.) When lava erupts beneath a glacier or 6. ) Thick viscous lava flows, especially
fflows over snow and ice, melt water from those that build a dome, can collapse to
the ice and snow can result in far-reaching form fast-moving pyroclastic flows.
lahars.
 BALLISTIC
PROJECTILES

- are volcanic materials directly

ejected from the volcano's vent
with force and trajectory.

These blocks and bombs travel like

cannonballs and usually land within
2km of the vent.
DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF BALLISTIC
PROJECTILES
TEPHRA falls and ballistic projectiles of motors, human lungs, industrial
endanger life annd property by: machines, and nuclear power plants;

(1) the force of impact of falling (4) carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts,
fragments, but this occurs only close to an and, close to the vent, heat; and
eruption;
(5) burial by tephra can collapse roofs of
buildings, break power and
(2) loss of agricultural land if burial is communication lines and damageor kill
greater than 10 cm depth; vegetation.

(3) producing suspensions of fine-grained

particles in air and water which clogs
 SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE OBSERVABLE SIGNS VOLCANOLOGISTS
HAVE IDENTIFIED WHEN A VOLCANO IS ABOUT TO ERUPT:

• Most volcanoes provide various type of warnings

before eruptions begin.
• People living near volcano may detect premonitory
events before an eruption.
• Measurement of changes in heat flow
• Detection of interpretation of precursory events