PSYCHOLOGY

CLASS 12th

Chapter 2
(SELF & PERSONALITY)
Topics :
Personal identity :
Attributes that make person different from others

Social identity :
Attributes that link person to social or cultural group

Self :
Totality of an individual’s conscious experiences, ideas,
thoughts and feelings with regard to herself/himself.
Self concept
• Perception about ourselves.
• Ideas about our competencies and attributes.
Types of self
1. Personal self -
• Primarily concerns with oneself
• Ex – personal freedom and Personal responsibility
2. Social self -
• Emerges in relation with others
• Ex – cooperation, unity etc.
*This dual status of self should always be kept
in mind. *
Self as a subject (actor) :
• Described themselves as an entity that does something
• ‘knower’
• Self actively engages in process of knowing itself.
Self as a object (consequences) :
• Described themselves as an entity on which something is
being done.
• The self gets observed and comes to be known.
• 'known'
Self esteem (Judgement about herself/himself)
Self efficacy -A belief that my life's control is in my
hands or its just the consequence.
Self regulation -
• Ability to organize and monitor our own behavior.
• Learning to delay or defer gratification of needs is
called self control.
Techniques of self control -
1. Observation of own behavior
2. Self instruction
3. Self reinforcement
Culture and self :
• Self seems to be related with culture.
• Distinction of self drawn between Indian and
Western culture:
CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY
The literal meaning of personality is derived from the
Latin word persona, the mask used by actors in the
Roman theatre for changing their facial make-up.
In psychological terms, personality refers to our
characteristic ways of responding to individuals and
situations.
 Personality
Unique and relatively stable qualities
Dynamic in nature
Different characteristics
Approaches to personality
• Type approach
• Trait approach
• Psychodynamic approach
• Post Freudian approach
• Behavioural approach
• Cultural approach
• Humanistic approach
Type Approach:
Trait Approach
Behavioural approach
Behaviourists believe in data which they feel are
definable, observable and measurable.
As per them personality can be best understood as the
response of individuals to the environment.
They see development as a change in response
characteristics
The structural unit of personality is the response.
Each response is behavior, which Is emitted to satisfy a
specific need.
Several different learning principles involve use of
stimuli, responses and reinforcement.
Cultural approach
Considers personality as an adoption of individuals or
group to the demand of their ecology and culture.
A group’s economic maintenance system plays a vital
role in the origin of cultural and behavioural
variations.
The climatic conditions, the nature of terrain of the
habitat and the availability of food determine people’s
settlement patterns, social structures, division of
labour and other features such as child rearing
practices.
These elements constitute a child’s overall learning
environment – skills, abilities, behavioral styles and value
Humanistic Approach
Assessment of personality
- Effort to understanding individual’s personality

Techniques Used to assess personality

Psychometric tests
Self report measures
Projective techniques
Behavioural analysis
Self report measures
The Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
(MMPI)
Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ)
Sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF)
Projective techniques
Most indirect method
Unstructured and poorly defined stimuli
Lengthy and subjective interpretation
-The rorschach inkblot test
-The thematic apperception test(TAT)
-Rosenzweig’s picture – frustration study (P-F study)

-Sentence completion test

-Draw-a-person test
Behavioural analysis
Topics Covered
Self and Personality
Concept of Self
Culture and Self
Concept of Personality
Major Approaches to the Study of Personality
Type ApproachesTrait ApproachesPsychodynamic
ApproachBehavioural ApproachCultural
ApproachHumanistic Approach
Assessment of Personality
Self-report Measures Projective
TechniquesBehavioural Analysis