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CƠ SỞ & CÁC NGUYÊN LÝ CƠ HỌC

MECHANICAL PREREQUISITES

PGS.TS. LÊ ĐÌNH TUÂN tuan-ledinh@hcmut.edu.vn

3/2020
 Table of contents
1. Mechanical reminders
1.1 Displacements and rotations
1.2. Strains / Biến dạng
1.3. Stresses / Ứng suất
1.4. Criteria
2. Mechanical principles
2.1 Elasticity problem
2.2. Equilibrium equation
2.3. Compatibility relationships
2.4. Material behavior law
2.5. Deflection energy
2.6. Work of a force
2.7. Linearity assumptions
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 1. Mechanical reminders
1.1.Displacements and rotations
- For each point M of a structure, 6 degrees of freedom are considered:
- 3 displacements: ux , uy , uz
- 3 rotations: θx , θy , θz
- They are used to describe the structure behavior

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 1. Mechanical reminders
1.2. Strains
- The strains are equal to the ratio of the difference of length between the
current status and the initial status divided by the initial length.

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Tóm tắt về tensor
Ký hiệu Einstein dùng trong mô tả tổng đại số, đạo hàm & đạo hàm riêng…
Phép tổng

Vector u trong hệ tọa độ Descartes: u = u1e1 + u2e2 + u3e3 u = ui ei

Tích vô hướng của vector u  v =  uivi = uivi

Đạo hàm riêng

i – chỉ số câm (free index)

j – chỉ số lặp lại (dummy index)
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 1. Mechanical reminders
1.3. Stresses
- The stress S at a point M is always expressed relatively to a facet: it is decomposed
in the normal stress  & the tangential stress  to this plane.  can be
decomposed in 2 components following the directions defining the plane of the
facet.
- The facets normal to the 3 axis X, Y and Z are currently
used to describe the stress status.
S

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 1. Mechanical reminders
1.3. Stresses (2)
- The stress status at point M can be
described using 3 orthogonal facets

Tensor ij

- The tensor is described by 6 independent stresses (because of the similarity

of shear stresses xy = yx , xz = , zx yz = zy
- The tensor depends on the orthogonal axis system in which it is expressed
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 1. Mechanical reminders
1.3. Stresses (3)
- There is a unique orthogonal axis system where all the shear stresses
are null : this is the principal axes system.

- The principal axes are chosen such as 1 > 2 > 3

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 1. Mechanical reminders
1.4. Criteria
- For each point M of a structure a criteria can be computed: this scalar value
is a sort of averaging of the principal stresses.
- The criteria can now be compared to the elastic limit of the material of the
structure (for example).

1 -3

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 Tresca Failure Criterion: the maximum shear stress criterion, also
known as Tresca’s or Guest’s criterion.
- This criterion is often used to predict the yielding of ductile materials
- For the principal stresses ordered as σ1 > σ2 > σ3 then:

where: C =T S = T/2
C : uniaxial compression strength
T : uniaxial tension strength
S : shear strength

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 1. Mechanical reminders
 von Mises Failure Criterion: the maximum distortion energy criterion,
octahedral shear stress theory, or Maxwell-Huber-Hencky-von Mises theory
- This criterion is often used to predict the yielding of ductile materials
- Failure will occur as the energy of distortion reaches the same energy for yield/failure
in uniaxial tension.

- In the cases of plane stress:

where: C =T
C : uniaxial compression strength.
T : uniaxial tension strength.
S : shear strength.
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 1. Mechanical reminders
Principle stresses / Mohr’s circle

von Mises Failure Criterion:

Tresca Failure Criterion:

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.1. Elasticity problem
- Solving an elasticity problem consists in finding

 stresses ij , displacements ui , strains ij

- 3 principles are used to solve these problems :

 Equilibrium equations for stresses
 Compatibility for strains
 Behaviour law for material

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.2. Equilibrium equation
The equilibrium equation on a volume V with
an external surface S sets up a relation between 
internal forces & external ones:

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.3. Compatibility relationships
- The compatibility relationships link the strains to the displacements:
ii : normal strains (longitudinal strain)
ij : angular strains (shear strain) and
ij = 2ij : angular distortions between the 2 directions i & j

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.4. Material behaviour law
- Strains are linked to the stresses by linear relationships (for an elastic material)
- Relationship between stress & strain tensors given by material behaviour law:

- H  81 coefficients in the general case. Symmetric tensors  only 6x6=36 coefs

“vector” form

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.4. Material behavior law (2)
- For an orthotropic material (symmetrical behavior relative to 3 orthogonal planes),
only 9 parameters must be known (Ex, Ey, Ez, yz, zy, xz, zx, xy, yx) and the
following relationships are verified:

 Finally, only 6 parameters can be determined, the 3 other ones being deduced
using the 3 additional relationships.
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 2. Mechanical principles
2.4. Material behavior law (3)
- For an isotropic material (uniform behavior in any direction), only 2
parameters must be known (E, )
- The isotropic material behavior is commonly expressed as:

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.4. Material behavior law (4)
-To determine the parameters needed to the material law behavior description, the
following benchs are performed :

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.5. Deflection energy
- The deflection energy W of a structure having a volume V and submitted
to a stress field  (with a corresponding strain field ) is :

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.6. Work of a force
- The work PF of a force F under a displacement uF is :

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 2. Mechanical principles
2.7. Linearity assumptions
A problem can be considered as linear under the following assumptions:
- Material linearity : E and  are constant
- Geometric linearity : rotations and strains remain small under load
- The displacements are reversed when the loads are reversed.
F u
-F-u

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