VARIABLE FREQUENCY

DRIVE
Presented by
NAME-AVISEK MOHANTY
REGD-0801214409
Under the guidance of
Miss.Anupama majhi
CONTENTS
 Defination.
 Types
 CKT Diagram
 Description
 Operation
 Benefits
 Uses
 CONCLUSION
DEFINATION:-
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a system for
controlling the rotational speed of an 
alternating current (AC) electric motor by controlling
the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the
motor.

 A variable frequency drive is a specific type of

adjustable-speed driver. Variable-frequency drives are
also known as adjustable-frequency drives (AFD),
variable-speed drives (VSD), AC drives, microdriver or
inverter drives.
TYPES:-
All VFDs use their output devices transistors,only as switches, turning
them only on or off. Using a linear device such as a transistor in its
linear mode is impractical for a VFD drive, since the power dissipated
in the drive devices would be about as much as the power delivered to
the load.
Drives can be classified as:
1.Constant voltage
2.Constant current
3.Cycloconverter
•In a constant voltage converter, the intermediate DC link voltage
remains approximately constant during each output cycle.
•In constant current drives, a large inductor is placed between the
input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current delivered is nearly
constant.
•A cycloconverter has no input rectifier or DC link and instead
connects each output terminal to the appropriate input phase.
 Variable frequency drive description
A variable frequency drive system generally consists of an AC motor, a
controller and an operator interface.

VFD MOTOR :-
The motor used in a VFD system is usually a three-phase 
induction motor. Some types of single-phase motors can be used, but
three-phase motors are usually preferred. Various types of synchronous
motors offer advantages in some situations, but induction motors are
suitable for most purposes and are generally the most economical
choice. Motors that are designed for fixed-speed operation are often
used. Certain enhancements to the standard motor designs offer higher
reliability and better VFD performance, such as MG-31 rated motors.

VFD CONTOLLER :-
Variable frequency drive controllers are solid state electronic power
conversion devices. The usual design first converts AC input power to
DC intermediate power using a rectifier or converter bridge.
(variable frequency drive CKT diag.)
VFD OPERATION:-
1.when a VFD starts a motor, it initially applies a low frequency
and voltage to the motor. The starting frequency is typically
2 Hz or less. Thus starting at such a low frequency avoids the
high inrush current that occurs when a motor is started by simply
applying the utility (mains) voltage by turning on a switch.

2.After the start of the VFD, the applied frequency and voltage are
increased at a controlled rate or ramped up to accelerate the load
without drawing excessive current. This starting method typically
allows a motor to develop 150% of its rated torque while the VFD
is drawing less than 50% of its rated current from the mains in the
low speed range. A VFD can be adjusted to produce a steady 150%
starting torque from standstill right up to full speed.

3. Note, however, that cooling of the motor is usually not good in

the low speed range. Thus running at low speeds even with rated
torque for long periods is not possible due to overheating of the
motor.
4.the current on the motor side is in direct proportion to
the torque that is generated and the voltage on the motor
is in direct proportion of the actual speed.

VFD BENEFITS:-
1.VFDs offer additional operating benefits, such as
maintenance and
sound reduction.

2. An adjustable acceleration time results in a soft

start rather than full load starts, which place heavy
stresses on
mechanical components. Soft starts enable the VFD to
gradually
ramp the motor speed, preventing high stresses on belts,
bearings,and fans.
3.Cooling tower fan sound levels can be very important
when the
equipment is installed near residential and commercial
buildings.
The cooling tower fan sound level increases with increasing
tip
speed, so by reducing the fan speed to the current heat
load, the
VFD will reduce sound levels compared to those generated
at full
speed. Soft starts and fluent accelerations also eliminate
extreme
startup noise, especially during periods of relatively low wet
bulb
temperatures that lead to frequent fan cycling.
USES:-
Variable-frequency drives are widely used in

ventilation systems for large buildings; variable-

frequency motors on fans save energy by allowing the

volume of air moved to match the system demand.

They are also used on pumps, elevator, conveyor and

machine tool drives.

CONCLUSION
 Due to many advantages offered by ac drives
like automatic control, closed loop control,
economical cost etc. ac motors are being
replaced in fields which where totally
capitalized by dc motors like traction, some
industrial applications etc.


 
THANK YOU