INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence has been defined in different ways,

including the abilities for  abstract thought,
understanding, communication, reasoning,
learning, planning, emotional intelligence and
problem solving.
Definition
‘The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to
act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal
effectively with his environment “-- DAVID WESCHLER

Goal directed adaptive behavior– Sternberg

Innate general cognitive ability- Cyril Burt

 Theories
Spearman’s 2 factor theory; S factor and G factor

Thurstone’s theory; s factor and g factor( group) he
discovered 7 main factor( s,n,p,w,m, v, r)

Gardeners theory of Multiple intelligence;

is based on studies not only of normal children and
adults but also by studies of gifted individuals 
This led Gardner to break intelligence down into at
least 7 different components:
 logical, 
linguistic
 spatial
musical
 kinesthetic 
interpersonal
 intrapersonal,
Logical-Mathematics Intelligence: Is logical and
mathematical ability, as well as scientific ability. Howard
Gardner believed Jean Piaget may have thought he was
studying all intelligence, but in truth, Piaget was really
only focusing on the logical mathematical intelligence.
Spatial Intelligence: The ability to form a mental model
of a spatial world and to be able to maneuver and
operate using that model.
Musical Intelligence: Leonard Bernstein had lots of it;
Mozart, presumably, had even more.
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to solve
problems or to fashion products using one's whole
body, or parts of the body. For example, dancers,
athletes, surgeons, craftspeople, etc.
Interpersonal Intelligence: The ability to understand
people. People who are well in interpersonal are most
likely teachers, politicians, clinicians, religious leaders,
etc.
Intrapersonal Intelligence: A correlative ability, turned
inward. It is a capacity to form an accurate, veridical
 model of oneself and to be able to use that model to
operate effectively in life.
Classification of Intelligence
What is Mental Retardation? 
According to the definition by the American
Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR), an
individual is considered to have mental retardation
based on the following three criteria: intellectual
functioning level (IQ) is below 70-75; significant
limitations exist in two or more adaptive skill areas;
and the condition manifests before the age of 18.
Adaptive skill areas are those daily living skills needed
to live, work, and play in the community. The new
definition includes ten adaptive skills:
communication, self-care, home living, social skills,
leisure, health and safety, self-direction, functional
academics, community use, and work.
 Classified
 Mild Mental Retardation
Moderate Mental Retardation
Profound Mental Retardation
Classification of intelligence
Above 140 "Near" genius or genius.
120-140 Very superior intelligence.
110-120 Superior intelligence.
90-110 Normal, or average, intelligence.
80- 90 Dullness, rarely classifiable as feeble-
mindedness.
70- 80 Border-line deficiency, sometimes classifiable as
dullness, often as feeble-mindedness.
Below 70 Definite feeble-mindedness.
 Intellectually Gifted
Intellectual giftedness is an intellectual
ability significantly higher than average. It is different
from a skill, in that skills are learned or acquired
behaviors. Like a talent, intellectual giftedness is
usually believed to be an innate, personal aptitude for
intellectual activities that cannot be acquired through
personal effort.(IQ above 130)
Characteristics of giftedness

 Gifted individuals learn more quickly, deeply, and

broadly than their peers
The gifted tend to demonstrate high reasoning ability, 
creativity, curiosity, a large vocabulary, and an
excellent memory
Giftedness is frequently not evenly distributed
throughout all intellectual spheres
Many gifted individuals experience various types of
heightened awareness and may seem overly sensitive