Problems on ON- OFF Controller

1. A liquid level control system linearly converts

a displacement of 2 to 3 m into a 4 to 20 mA
control signal. A relay serves as the two
position controller to open or close an inlet
valve. The relay closes at 12 mA and opens at
10 mA.
Find (1) the relation between displacement
level and current, and (b) the neutral zone or
displacement gap in meters.
Answers: H = 0.0625 I + 1.75
HH –HL = 2.5 – 2.375 = 0.125 m
 Problems on ON- OFF Controller
2. In a ON/OFF temperature control problem,
temperature range is 30 to 400 0 C. Temperature is
linearly converted in to 4 to 20 mA signal. A relay
serves as the two position controller. The relay
closes at 9 mA and opens at 7 mA.
Find (1) the relation between Temperature and
current, and (b) the neutral zone or displacement
gap.
Answers: T = 23.125 I – 62.5
TH –TL = 46.25
 Problems Proportional Controller
1. For a proportional controller, the controlled
variable is a process temperature with a range of
0 to 100 0C and a set-point of 50 0 C. Under
nominal conditions, the set point is maintained
with an output of 35%. If the output changes to
45% find the offset when PB = 40 %.Find the
controller output when the temperature rises to
60 0C.
Answers 4 %, ep= -10 %,10 %.
 Problems Proportional Controller
2. For a proportional controller, the controlled variable is a
process temperature with a range of 50 to 130 0C and a
set-point of 73.5 0 C. Under nominal conditions, the set
point is maintained with an output of 50%. Find the
offset for an output of 55% if the proportional gain is (a)
0.1, (b) 0.7, (c) 2.0 and (d) 5.0
3. For the same application, find the percentage controller
output with the 73.5 0C set point and a proportional gain
of 2.0 if the temperature is (a) 60 0C, (b) 122 0C and (c) a
ramping temperature of (82+5t) 0C.
Answers 2. 50, 7.14 , 2.5 , 1
3. 83.75, 0, 28.75-12.5t
 Problems on signal conditioning
1. circuits
A sensor outputs a voltage ranging from -2.4 to -1.1 V. For
interface to an analog to digital converter, this needs to be
0 to2.5 V. Develop the required signal conditioning.
Answer:Vout = 3.846Vin – 5.5
2. A sensor resistance varies from 520 to 2500 ohm. This used
for R1 in the divider with R2 = 500 ohm and Vs = 10.0 V.
Develop signal conditioning circuit so that output voltage
varies from 0 to 5 V as the resistance varies from 520 to
2500 ohms where 0 V corresponds to 520 ohms.
Answer:Vout = 13Vin
3. A bridge circuit has R1=R2=R3 =120 ohms and V=10.0 V.
Design a signal conditioning system that provides an
output of 0.0 to 5.0 V as R4 varies from 120 to 140 ohms.
Answer:Vout = 13Vin
 Problems on signal conditioning
circuits
4. A sensor outputs a voltage ranging from 20 to 250
mV. Develop the required signal conditioning.to
get output 0 to 5V. The circuit must have very high
input impedance.
Answer:Vout = 21.7(Vin – 0.02)
 Problems Integral Controller
1. An integral controller has reset action of 2.2 minutes.
Express the integral controller constant in s -1. Find the
output of this controller to a constant error of 2.2
2. An integral controller is used for speed control with a set-
point of 12 rpm within a range of 10 to 15 rpm. The
controller output is 22% initially. The constant K I = -0.15%
controller output per second per percentage error. If the
speed jumps to 13.5 rpm, calculate the controller output
after 2 s for a constant ep. Ans: ep= -30 %, P = 31 %(after
2s)
3. A PI controller is reverse acting PB = 20, 12 repeats per
minute. Find (a) the proportional gain, (b) the integral gain,
and (c) the time that the controller output will reach 0%
after a constant error of – 1.5 % starts. The controller o/p
when the error occurred was 72%.
 Proportional Integral (PI) Controller
For the given error plot graph of PI controller output
as a function of time
Kp = 5 , K I = 1.0 s -1, Po(I) = 20 %

+1

0
1 2 3 4

Time (sec)