SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Elementary signals
By

B.V.V.L.KALA BHARATHI
Dept of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Aditya Engineering College(A)
Surampalem.
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Elementary Signals
There are 5 different types of elementary signals

They are
 UNIT STEP
 UNIT RAMP
 UNIT IMPULSE
 RECTANGULAR PULSE
 TRIANGULAR FUNCTION
 SINC FUNCTION
 SIGNUM FUNCTION

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UNIT STEP

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Unit Ramp Function

t , t  0  t
ramp  t       u    d  t u  t 
0 , t  0  

•The unit ramp function is the integral of the unit step function.
•It is called the unit ramp function because for positive t, its
slope is one amplitude unit per time.

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Impulse Function
 The area under an impulse is called its strength or weight.
 It is represented graphically by a vertical arrow.
 An impulse with a strength of one is called a unit impulse.

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Signum Function
 1 , t  0
 
sgn  t    0 , t  0   2 u  t   1
1 , t  0 
 

Precise Graph Commonly-Used Graph

The signum function, is closely related to the unit-step

function.
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Rectangular Pulse or Gate Function

1/ a , t  a / 2
Rectangular pulse, a  t   
0 , t  a/2

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The Unit Triangle Function

 A triangular pulse whose height and area are both one but its
base width is not, is called unit triangle function.
 The unit triangle is related to the unit rectangle through an
operation called convolution.

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Sinc Function
sin   t 
sinc  t  
t

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Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals

 Sinusoids and exponentials are important in signal
and system analysis because they arise naturally in
the solutions of the differential equations.

 Sinusoidal Signals can expressed in either of two

ways :
 cyclic frequency form- A sin 2Пfot = A sin(2П/To)t
 radian frequency form- A sin ωot
where
ωo = 2Пfo = 2П/To
To = Time Period of the Sinusoidal Wave
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Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals Contd.

x(t) = Aeat Real Exponential

= Aejω̥t = A[cos (ωot) +j sin (ωot)] Complex Exponential

A = amplitude of exponential signal

ωo = radian frequency

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Real Exponential Signals and damped Sinusoidal

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Discrete Time Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals

DT signals can be defined in a manner analogous to their
continuous-time counter part

x[n] = A sin (2Пn/No+θ)

= A sin (2ПFon+ θ) Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signal

x[n] = an Discrete Time Exponential Signal

n = the discrete time
A = amplitude
θ = phase shifting radians,
No = Discrete Period of the wave
1/N0 = Fo = Ωo/2 П = Discrete Frequency

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Discrete Time Sinusoidal Signals

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Discrete Time Unit Step Function or Unit Sequence

Function
1 , n  0
u  n  
0 , n  0

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Discrete Time Unit Ramp Function

n , n  0  n
ramp  n       u  m  1
0 , n  0  m

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Discrete Time Unit Impulse Function or Unit Pulse

Sequence
1 , n  0
  n  
0 , n  0

  n    an  for any non-zero, finite integer a.

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THANK YOU

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