University of Northeastern Philippines

Iriga City
School of Graduate Studies

CONCEPTS ON
CAUSATION
Dr. Imelda A. Tangalin
Professor

Mr. IAN JEFFREY U. PEDREZUELA

08-15-2021
Chapter 6: Experimental Designs
 Three Concepts of Causation
according to Estolas and Boquiren

• One-to-One Relationship

• Two-Variable Relationship

• Complex Relationship
 - According to this
concept of causation, for
every particular cause
there is a corresponding
particular effect.

- One independent variable One-to-One

causes an effect upon one
dependent variable. Relationship

- This one-to-one
relationship
especially exists in
the physical
science.
One-to-One
Relationship
- This involves two
variables causing an
effect upon one variable. Two-Variable
Relationship
One-to-One
Relationship
- Thus is a case where two
or more variables cause a
single effect. Complex
Relationship
One-to-One
Relationship
In addition to those
relationships given by
Estolas
One-to-One and Boquiren: there
are also cases where one
Relationship

variable causes two or

more effects.
 General Distinguishing Features of Experiments

1. Experimentation lends itself to easier manipulation because of

quantitative entities.
2. Observations are done under controlled conditions.
3. Gathering of valid facts is rigorous.
4. Experimentation can be conducted in the laboratory, classroom, or
in the field.
5. Laboratory experiments are intensive and exacting.
6. Most often experiments are limited to a small number of cases.
7. There is more thorough analysis of variable factors.