Advanced Transport Phenomena

Module 4 Lecture 12
Momentum Transport: Steady Compressible Fluid Flow

Dr. R. Nagarajan

Professor

Dept of Chemical Engineering

IIT Madras
Momentum Transport: Steady Compressible Fluid Flow
Mechanisms, Rates, Coefficients
 RELEVANCE OF FLUID DYNAMICS

 Performance of a chemical reactor, separator, etc.

intimately linked to:
 Reagent contacting patterns (flows of reactants &

products, recirculation, backmixing),

 Local turbulence levels, etc.

 Hence, to laws governing momentum transfer

 CRITERIA FOR QUIESCENCE

 Convection usually dominates diffusion in the streamwise direction

 As a result of imposed or forced flow (e.g., by piston, fan,

motion of device)
 Buoyancy (natural convection)

 Criterion to neglect convection:

 Important for stagnant fluids, but rarely encountered in1/2practical

 characteristic convective energy flux 
 applications
engineering   1
 characteristic diffusive energy flux 
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINUUM FLUID FLOWS

 Internal versus external:

 Confined flows (e.g., in ducts) are “internal”

 Flows over surfaces (e.g., over an airplane) are

“external”
 Sometimes, the distinction is not clear: e.g., flow over

an airfoil mounted in a wind-tunnel test section

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINUUM FLUID FLOWS

 Constant-Property versus Variable-Property

 Chemically-reacting multi-component flows exhibit

large spatial & temporal variations in V, T, i, , k, Di,
etc.
 In simple cases (e.g., low-Ma gas or liquid flows with

modest temperature & concentration non-uniformities),

properties often assumed constant
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTINUUM FLUID FLOWS

 Single-phase vs. multi-phase:

 Single-phase continuum formulation appropriate when

 Region contains a single phase (e.g., gas mixture, liquid

solution), or
 Dispersed phase motion is tightly coupled to that of host
phase (e.g., high MW species in gas mixture)
 In multiphase fluid flow (e.g., droplets in gas, bubbles in

liquid), explicit transport laws needed for each phase

INTERACTIVE ROLE OF EXPERIMENT & THEORY

 Cost of experimentation can be minimized by proper use of

conservation and constitutive laws, by:
 Substituting “easy” measurements for more difficult ones

(e.g., T vs )
 Reducing number of independent measurements in full-

scale configuration
INTERACTIVE ROLE OF EXPERIMENT & THEORY
CONTD…
 Designing and interpreting small-scale model

experiments
 Making analytical or numerical predictions for quantities

that are not directly measurable

 Optimizing based on models

 Avoiding unpleasant surprises!

 MECHANISMS OF MOMENTUM TRANSPORT

 Convection

 Diffusion
 MOMENTUM CONVECTION

 V  specific linear momentum (per unit mass of fluid

mixture)
 m v or  vv
 ''
 local flux of linear momentum by
convection (“bodily transport”)
 For uniform flow of velocity U in x-direction, momentum
convective flow rate per unit area   U 2
 MOMENTUM DIFFUSION

 Linear momentum flux by diffusion = -π

-π
where = contact stress operator
 Part of linear momentum diffusion associated with fluid deformation
rate =
-T
 Not present in quiescent fluid, or

 In “solid body” motion (uniform translation, solid body rotation, etc.)

 Associated phenomenological coefficient 

 Function of local fluid-state variables

 Analogous to mass and energy diffusion


 CONVECTIVE MOMENTUM TRANSPORT IN
GLOBALLY INVISCID FLOW
 Often, effects of momentum diffusion are confined to
a negligibly small fraction of device volume, e.g.:
 Immediate vicinity of solid walls (fluid brought locally to

rest)
 Within abrupt fluid dynamic transitions (such as shock

waves, detonations)
STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Total Mass Conservation:

 Net convective outflow (dropping accumulation term)

1 
lim .   uA       uA     0
 0 A
 

or 1 d
.   uA   0,
A d
which implies:
 uA  constant=m
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Species Mass Conservation:

 Neglecting streamwise diffusion compared to

transverse diffusion flux

d i P  
u   ji ,w .
''
 ri ''' ,
d A  

(N-1 of which are independent)

 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Streamwise Momentum:

 Assuming:

 No accumulation term
 Streamwise momentum convection dominates
streamwise momentum diffusion
 Streamwise body force per unit mass common to all
species (e.g., gravity gz)
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Then:

1  mu
 i   mu
 i    pA    pA   p  A
     
lim
 0 A
.
  w P       g A(  ) 
,


du dp P
u    w   g ,
d d A
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Energy Conservation:

 Assuming:

 No accumulation term
 Fluid does no work at duct surface in overcoming
wall friction (streamwise velocity is zero)
 Streamwise body force per unit mass common to all
species (e.g., gravity g with potential )
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Then:
 m  h0       m
  h     
1  0
 
lim .
 0 A 
 
 ,
  i ,w P      q ''' A 
''
 q
  
so that d '' P   
u  h0     q w  q '''
d A  
where
p u2
h0  e  
 2
(local stagnation or total enthalpy)
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Entropy:

 Assuming:

 No accumulation term
 Entropy production due to streamwise momentum
diffusion, energy diffusion and species i mass
diffusion are negligible
 Gas mixture is thermodynamically ideal
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Then:
1       
    i , w P     

''
ms
 ms
 j
lim .
 0 A 
 ,
 i A
'''
 s
 
or
ds P  
u   js , w .
''
 si'''
d A  
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Entropy:
'''
q

 In the absence of volumetric energy addition ( ) via

radiation absorption, wall entropy diffusion flux


 q w''   i 1 ji'',w hi
N
  R 1
 i1   j   si  M ln y  ,
N
j ''
s ,w  ''
i ,w
Tw  i i w

 Volumetric entropy production rate due to finite-rate

homogeneous chemical reactions

1 N '''  RT 1 
s    ri  f i 
'''
i ln 
T i 1  M i yi 
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Steady, frictionless flow of a nonreacting gas mixture in a

duct of variable area (nozzle) without heat addition:
 Conservation equations may be written as:

m  constant (total mass ),

i  constant ( species i mass ),
(i  1, 2,...., N  1),
du dp
u  (linear momentum),
d d
h0  constant (energy ),
s  constant (entropy ).
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Flow initiated from a large-area reservoir where velocity

is small:
i  i (reservoir ),
h0  h0 (reservoir )  h(reservoir )  h(T0 ),
s  s (reservoir )  s0.
(hypothetical values obtained if prevailing mixture were
isentropically decelerated to rest– i.e., local stagnation
values)
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Equivalent interrelations between differentials:

d (  uA)  0 (mass),
 udu  dp (momentum),
cpdT  udu  0 (energy )
dp
cpdT  0 (entropy ),

where, for a perfect gas mixture of molecular weight M:

pM
 ( state)
RT
and
 R
cp  . (corollary of EOS )
 1 M
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 If heat capacities (hence,  ) are constant:

 / 1
p T 
 
p0  T0 
 Local speed of sound (acoustic speed) in prevailing gas
mixture, a, is given by:
 p 
a 
2

   s constant
Accordingly, in this isentropic flow, locally:
dp  a 2 d  ,
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 Combining previous relationship with momentum

conservation (Euler) constraint gives:
dG
  1  ( Ma ) 2  ,
du

where G mass flux, given by:

G   u,
and Ma local Mach number, defined as:
u
Ma  .
a
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 G increases with u for subsonic flow, decreases with u for

supersonic flow, has maximum value G* where Ma = 1 (u
= a = a *)
 Maximum mass flow through duct
m max  G* Amin  *a* Amin

where Amin  minimum (“throat”) area, A*

 Since ho = constant:
u *2 a*2
c p (T0  T* )   .
2 2
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

For a perfect gas:

 RT*
a* 
2
.
M
Therefore:
T* 2
 ,
and
T0   1
 /  1
p*  2 
 ,
p0    1 

1/2   1 / 2  1 

 orifice
(basis for “critical p0 M flowmeter”)
  RT0 
 2 
mmax  
     1  . Amin .
 RT0  M   
 STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

 For = constant (isentropic) gas flow, all local state properties can be
uniquely related to their corresponding stagnation values and local
Mach number, Ma:

T0  1
  ,
2
 1 Ma
T 2
 /   1
p0    1 2
 1   Ma  
p  2 
1/   1
 0 p0 T    1 2
 .  1    
Ma ,
 p T0  2 
  1 / 2  1 
(since *u*
A =Gconstant) 1  2   1 2 
*
  . 1    
Ma
A* G u Ma    1  2 
m  m *
STEADY 1D COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

To achieve supersonic
velocities, area of duct
downstream of throat must
increase– “DeLaval”
converging-diverging
nozzles, widely used in
steam turbines, gas
turbines, rocket engines

Steady one-dimensional isentropic flow

of a perfect gas with =1.3