UNIT FOUR

Line and Surface Integrals

 Line Integrals
 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals
 Surface Integrals
 Green’s Theorem
 Divergence Theorems
 Stock’s Theorems
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Example 1: Evaluate where C is the line segment from (-2, -1) to (1, 2).
Solution: The line segment starting at (-2, -1) ending at (1, 2) is given by
for

The line integral is then,

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Example 2: Evaluate where C is the line segment from (0, 2) to (1, 4).
Solution: The line segment starting at (0, 2) ending at (1, 4) is given by
for

The line integral is then,

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Example 3: Evaluate where C is the helix given by
 

;
Solution:
The line integral is then,

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2) Line Integrals: Line Integrals of Vector Fields
Example 4: Evaluate where and
C is the curve given by ;
Solution:

The line integral is then,

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Example 5: Evaluate where and
C is the line segment from (-1, 2, 0) to (3, 0, 1).
Solution:

The dot product is then,

The line integral is then,

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 Conservative Vector Fields
 Let be a vector field on an open and simply-connected region D.
 Then if P and Q have continuous first order partial derivatives in D and
the vector field is conservative.
Example 6: Determine if the following fields are conservative or not and find the
potential function for vector fields if it is conservative.

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Solution: (a)
 

and
The two partial derivative are not the same, then the vector field is not
conservative.
(b)
and
the vector field is conservative.
To find the potential function
and

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or

The potential function for the vector field is:

(c)
and

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the vector field is conservative
 

To find the potential function

and
or

The potential function for the vector field is:

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Example 7: Find the potential function for the vector fields:

Solution: ; ;

The potential function for the vector field is:

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Example 8: Find the potential function for the vector fields:
 

Solution: ; ;

The potential function for the vector field is

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The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals (FTLI)
Let C be a piecewise smooth curve lying in an open region R given by
.
If F is continuous, conservative vector field, then

Where f is a potential function of F. that is

 If the integral is independent of path in D, then
,

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 The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals states that ‘’If the vector field F
is conservative, then the line integral b/n any two points is the difference in
the values of their potential function f at these points regardless of the path
used’’.
 If F is conservative, then is path independent.
 If F is conservative, thenfor every closed curve.
Example 9: Use the FTLIto evaluate if and C is given by , .
Solution:
and
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the vector field is conservative.
To find the potential function: and
or

The potential function for the vector field is

where and

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Example 10: Use the FTLIto evaluate where and C is any path that starts at and
ends at .
Solution: and
The integral is then

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Example 11: Use the FTLIto evaluate if C is from
 

(1, , 0) to (3, , ) and ) is conservative.

Solution:)
To show whether it is conservative or not

j;
;

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Example 12: Evaluate the integral , if C is a curve with initial point (0, 0, 0) and
terminal point (2, 2, 2).
Solution: Let , and . F = (, , )

; ;

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Example 13: Evaluate the integral ), from
(0, 1, 2) and terminal point (1,-1, 7).
Solution. If F has a potential f, we should have

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Green’s Theorem
 Let C be simply connected, piecewise, smooth curve with a
counterclockwise orientation in a plane region R.
 Let and f and g have continuous first partial derivatives, then

 It states that the relationship between a line integral and a double

integral over a simply connected plane region R.
 The double integral over the region is equal to the line integral
around the region counterclockwise.

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 Counterclockwise orientation can also be called positive orientation.
 This theorem is mainly used for integration of a line combined with a curve
plane.
 If a line integral is given, we can convert it to surface integral or double
integral and vise versa using this theorem.
Example 14: Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the integral
along the triangular path .
Solution. and

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Example 15: Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the work done by the force field
around the unit circle in the counterclockwise direction.
Solution.

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Example 16: Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate where C is the positive oriented
circle of radius 2 centered at the origin.
Solution.

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Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate where C is the triangle with vertices , , with positive orientation.
 Surface Integrals
 Let be a smooth parametric surface whose vector equation is , where
varies over region R in the uv-plane.
 If is continuous on , then

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a) Let be a surface with equation and R be its projection on xy-plane , then
b) Let be a surface with equation and R be its projection on xz-plane , then
c) Let be a surface with equation and R be its projection on yz-plane , then

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Example 17: Evaluate along in the first quadrant counterclockwise.
 

Solution:

du costdt

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Example 18: Evaluate from (0, 0, 0) to (2, 5, 4).
Solution:

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Example 19: Evaluate the surface integral where σ is the part of the plane x + y + z
= 1 that lies in the first octant.
Solution. The equation of the plane is
and

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Divergence Theorems
 Let G is a solid whose surface is oriented outward.
 If
 If n is the outward unit normal on , then

 Divergence theorem is a very important theorem in calculus. It can be used to

solve many tough problems.
 The divergence theorem compares surface integral with volume integral.
 It gives the relationship b/n the surface integral and volume integral.
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Example 20: Compute where
from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 3, 2).
Solution:

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Example 21: Compute where S is the sphere of radius 2 or (). from (0,
0, 0) to (1, 3, 2).
Solution:

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Example 22: Use the Divergence Theorem to evaluate Where S is the surface of
 

the solid bounded by and the plane and

.
Solution:
and
and

By Divergence Theorem:

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Let

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Stock’s Theorems
 Let be a piecewise smooth surface that is bounded by a simple,
closed, smooth curve C with positive orientation.
 If the components of the vector field
are continuous and have continuous
first derivative and if T is a unit tangent vector to C, then

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Example 23: Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate where: , over the parabolic plane
between
and .
Solution:
and

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and
By Stokes’ Theorem:

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Example 24: Verify Stoke’s Theorem for the vector field F(x, y, z) = 2zi + 3xj + 5yk,
 

taking σ to be the portion of the paraboloid for which z ≥ 0 with upward

orientation, and C to be the positively oriented circle
that forms the boundary of σ in the xy-plane.
Solution. ;

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Example 25: Use Stokes’s Theorem to evaluate where F(x,y,z)=–y2i+zj+xk and if
Cbe the oriented triangle lying in the plane 2x+ 2y + z = 6
Solution: Using Stokes’s Theorem, begin by finding the curl of F.
curl F== –i – j + 2yk
Considering z = 6 – 2x – 2y = g(x, y)

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