Course Title: Network and System Admin

Course Code: CoSc3063

ECTS : 5 C.Hr.
Program: Computer Science (3rd Year)
Academic year 2012 E.C
Gergito K.
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 Course Objectives
At the end of this course students should be able to:
 Manage a network and system of single org.
 Create and manage users and groups.
 Configure switches and routers.
 Design and implement network
 Control and manage network activity
 Backup and restore system and user data.
 Remotely administer a network.
 Know security issues of system and network admin.
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 Course Contents
The Course contains about seven Chapters: -\
1. Chapter one: Introduction to SNA.
 What is system, network, system admin, network admin.
 What are the roles and challenges of SNA

2. Chapter two: Fundamentals of system and network admin.

 Network OS
 Network protocol & communication.
 IP address. Routing concept

3. Chapter three: wireless network and WAN technology.

4. Chapter four: Design and Implement network.
5. Chapter Five: Basics of system admin.
6. Chapter sex: system and network admin issues.
7. Chapter seven: system and network security issues.

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 Assessments

Assessment will be in the following ways :-

 Project (25%)
 Lab Individual Assignment (10%)
 Quiz 2 times (10%)
 Med exam (15%)
 Final exam (40%)
Total 100%

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 CHAPTER ONE-outline

Introduction to System and Network Administration

 What is System and System Administration ?
 What is Network and Network Administration?
 Roles of system and network admin.
 Challenges of system and network admin.

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 What is System and System Administration ?

System
 System is collection of elements or components that are organized for a
common purpose.
 The word sometimes describes the organization plan itself and sometimes
describes the parts in the system (as in "computer system").
System Administration
 Controlling or management of system, system user and other activates
related to the system.
 Is way of planning, installing, and maintaining computer systems of one
company.

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 What is Network and Network Administration?

Network
 Is a connection of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources, exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
 The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines,
radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
Network Administration
 Is the art of connecting people throughout the world, (through their
computers) to get them together for many purpose.
 The administrator's responsibilities often include network design,
management, troubleshooting, backup and storage, documentation, security
and virus prevention as well as managing users.
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 Roles of system and network admin
Actually the role of system and network admin is already the same in small and
middle organization but they have specification in large organization.
Roles of System Admin
 Install, update and maintain an operating system and configure it for security
 Made sure the power and air conditioning was working in server room
 Kept backup in the case of anything went wrong
 Setup the firewall and setup system security policy
 Managing users account information
 Documenting the system configuration
 Analysis system logs, Performance features.
 Manage storage of network and NFS server (Apache and MySQL)
 Monitoring systems in data center (CPU, network, disk, application health)
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 Role of Network administrator.
 Planning and Designing the network
 Setting up the network
 Maintaining and controlling the network
 Expanding the network
 Securing networks (configuration of authentication and authorization )
 Network address assigning, assigning routing protocol, routing table
configuration.
The Network Administrator is typically a mid to senior level of network staff in
an organization. The Administrator will concentrate on the overall health of the
network, security, ensuring network connectivity and company's LAN/WAN
infrastructure.
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 Tasks of Network administrator.

Generally the Network admin tasks:

Task 1: Design, install and evaluate network
 Task 2: Perform and manage regular backups
 Task 3: Provide technical documentation
 Task 4: Manage users and provide user support
 Task 5: Monitoring and troubleshooting assistance
 Task 6: Security management and virus prevention

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 How same one become a qualified System & Network Admin

 Learn about Operating System basics e.g. Unix

 Learn shell utilities and script programming.
 Learn how to Install and Configure OS and network tools.
 Learn about how to configure DNS, DHCP, Samba, Proxy servers
 Learn TCP/IP networking protocol , remote traffic monitoring tool.
 Learn NFS and NIS- Network Information Service (DB) (or equivalent…)
 Learn about system modification.
 Learn about how remotely access and controls computers
Styles of Network and System Administration
 Fire-Fighting: responding to situations when they happen (Reactive)
 Preventative: monitor network and make repairs and changes before
problems appear (Proactive).
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 Challenges of System and Network admin

The most challenge of System and Network Admin are:

 Responding to copyright infringement requests
 Investigating the network activity of an individual student or staff
member
 Quickly identifying viruses and worms on the network
 Determining why applications are slowing down
 Detecting malicious systems on the network.

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 .

End of Chapter
One
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 .

Chapter two
Fundamental of
SNA
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 Out lines
 Network Operating System
 Network protocols and communication
 IP addressing
 Switch Environment
 VLANs
 Router concepts

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 Network Operating System(NOS).
 NOS is a computer operating system that is designed primarily to
support workstations, personal computers that are connected on a LAN. The
software behind a NOS allows multiple devices within a network to
communicate and share resources with each other.
 All end devices and network devices connected to the Internet require an
operating system (OS) to help them for performing their function.
 The operating system on routers is usually called firmware.
 The most common method for configuring a router is through a access GUI.
 Most routers enable the update of the firmware as new features or security
vulnerabilities are discovered.

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 Cont.
 Network devices use a network operating system.
 The network operating system used on Cisco devices is called the Cisco
Internetwork Operating System (IOS).
 Cisco IOS is a generic term for the collection of network operating systems
used on Cisco networking devices.
 Cisco IOS is used for most Cisco devices regardless of the type or size of
the device.
 The most common method of accessing these devices is using a CLI.
 IOS file is stored in the flash memory, which provides non-volatile storage.
 In many Cisco devices, the IOS is copied from flash memory into random
access memory (RAM) when the device is powered on.
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 Getting Basic configuration of IOS

 Hostnames
 Limiting Access to Device (LAD)
 Physically limiting access to network devices by placing them in closets
and locked racks is good practice.
 However, passwords are the primary defense against unauthorized
access to network devices. Every device, even routers, should have
locally configured passwords to limit access.

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 Network protocol and Standard
Networking protocols define a common format and set of rules for exchanging
messages between devices.
Some common networking protocols are IP, HTTP, DHCP, and ISO.
The networking protocols are describing the following processes:
 How the message is formatted or structured
 The process by which networking devices share information about
pathways with other networks,
 How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
 The setup and termination of data transfer sessions.
An example of using the protocol suite in network communications is the
interaction between a web server and a web client.
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 Network protocols for the ISO
Layers Protocols in the layers
1. Physical Layer This is the sending a signal along a wire(Cables, and Interface)

2. Data link Layer Checking to makes sure that what was sent from one end of a cable to
the other end. (The Ethernet protocol, MAC addresses)

3. Network Layers IP addressing (Internet protocol)

4. Transport Layers. It builds ‘packets’ or ‘datagrams’ so that the network layer knows
what is data and how to get the data to their destination.(TCP and UDP
protocol).

5. Session Layer helps a user program to set up a connection (socket protocols)

6. Presentation Layer How are the data which is sent by the sender was interpreted by the
receiver. It uses External data representation protocol(XDR protocol)

7. Application Layers The program which wants to send data has its own protocol layer,
typically GET, FTP or HTTP protocol

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 IP addressing
 Every devices which are connected to the Internet needs to have a unique
number which is called IP address.
 In our computer devices to know our IP address (we ipconfig commands in
cmd command promote) if the device is not connected to the internet it
shows that “media is disconnected” other wise shows IP address and the get
ways the network.
 Generally there are two types of IP addressing.
 IPv4 (32 bit or 4 bytes number)
 IPv6 (128 bit 16 bytes number)
 To know about the IP address concept numbering system is a mandatory
especially about converting number to the octal.
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 IPv4
 IPv4 address is 32 bit length address. It has 4 octets(bytes).
 The form of an IP address in IPv4 is a.b.c.m (where a,b,c, and m >= 0,<=
255) why ?
 There are three types of addresses within the address range of each IPv4
network:
1. Network address 2. Host addresses and 3. Broadcast address
 In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different ways:
1.Unicast:-process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host.
2.Broadcast - sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the network
3.Multicast - process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group
of hosts.
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 Class full and Class less IP addressing
 What is the difference between class full and class less IP addressing?
1. Class full IP addressing
 Class full IP addressing is categorized as class A, B, and C.

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 Calculating number of network and hosts in the network

 Let N be the number of bits for the network .

 Let M be the number of bit for the host devices.
 So, number of network = 2N networks
number of host in each network = 2M-2 hosts
Example 145.44.10.40/24
Number of network = 224
Number of hosts = 28-2 = 256-2 = 254
 Subnet mask mean making all bits of the network are 1 and host bits 0.
 Example, subnet mask of 145.44.10.40/24 = 255.255.255.0
 Get ways mean the first network of IP
 Example Get way of 145.44.10.40/24 = 145.44.1.40
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 2. Class less IP addressing
 Formal name Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced “cider”)
 Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to allocate
IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary instead of only by a class full A,
B, or C address (i.e different from 8,16,and 24).
 mostly classless address are suitable for the subnetting networks. How ?
 Example 145.44.34.45/22
class work
 calculate the following for the given IP address IP = 145.44.34.45/22
 Numbers of the networks and hosts ?
 Get way’s ?
 Subnet mask. ?

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 Types of IPv4 address

1. Private address: Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use
private addresses.
 A private IP address is the address space allocated by NIC to allow
organizations to create their own private network.
 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
II.A public IP address: address that is assigned to a device to allow direct
access over the Internet. A web server, email server and any server device
directly accessible from the Internet are candidate for a public IP address.
 A public IP address is globally unique, and can only be assigned to a unique
device.
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 .

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 IPv6 addressing
 Why IPv6?
 Because IPv4 has the following limitations:-
 It is running out of address space, because many addresses are bound
up in classes that make them unusable.
 Global routing tables are becoming too large, which making routing
slow while running and memory intensive.
 It is too easy to take control of a connection by guessing sequence
numbers.
 There is no native support for encryption
 Less quality of Service (QoS) guarantees for mobile computing.

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 IPv6 cont..
The reason why migrate from IPv4 to IPv6
 Limitation of IPv4 address space has been the motivating factor for moving
to IPv6 address.
 With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address space, issues
with NAT and an Internet of things (IoT), enforce for transition to IPv6.
 IPv4 has theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses plus private
addresses in combination with NAT.
 IPv6 larger 128-bit address space providing for 340 undecillion addresses

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 IPv6 cont..
The migration techniques can be divided in to three.
 Dual stack: allow IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same network.
 Tunneling: A method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an IPv4 network.
(i.e the IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.)
 Translation: NAT allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-
enabled devices using a translation technique.
IPv6 Address Representation
 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal values
 In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32 hexadecimal values
= IPv6 address(128 bits).
 2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
 FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB: CDEF
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 IPv6 cont..
IPv6 Address Rules
Even after converting into Hexadecimal format, IPv6 address remains long.
IPv6 provides some rules to shorten the address. The rules are as follows:
1.Discard leading Zero: In Block 5, 0063, the leading two 0s can be omitted,
such as (5th block). 2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB
2.If two of more blocks contain consecutive zeroes, omit them all and
replace with double colon sign(::), such as (6th and 7th block):
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63 :: FEFB
3.Consecutive blocks of zeroes can be replaced only once by double colon, so
if there are still blocks of zeroes in the address, they can be shrunk down to a
single zero, such as (2nd block). 2001:0:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB
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 VLANs

Virtual Local Area Networks

 VLAN (virtual LAN) is a logical partition of a network.
 Multiple partition can be created, allowing for multiple VLANs to co-exist.
 Each VLAN is a broadcast domain, usually with its own IP network.
 VLANS are mutually isolated and packets can only pass between them
through a router.

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 VLANs
Tagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification
 Frame tagging is used to properly transmit multiple VLAN frames through a
trunk link.
 Switches will tag frames to identify the VLAN they belong.
 The protocols used in VLAN tagging defines the structure of the tagging
header added to the frame.
 Switches will add VLAN tags to the frames before placing them into trunk.
 Once properly tagged, the frames can transverse any number of switches via
trunk links and still be forward within the correct VLAN at the destination

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 Router concepts
The following points describe about the concept of router
 Routers can connect multiple networks.
 Routers have multiple interfaces, each on a different IP network
 Determine the best path to send packets using its routing table.
 Forward packets toward their destination.
 Forwards packet to interface indicated in routing table.
 Encapsulates the packet and forwards out toward destination.
 To enable network access devices must be configured with the following IP
address information.
 IP address - Identifies a unique host on a local network.
 Subnet mask - Identifies the host’s network subnet.
 Default gateway - Identifies the router a packet is sent to when the
destination is not on the same local network subnet.

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 Router concepts cont..
Document Network Addressing
Network Documentation should include at least the following in a topology
diagram and addressing table: -Device names, Interfaces, IP addresses and
subnet mask, and Default gateways.
Configure Basic Router Settings
Basics tasks that should be first configured on a Cisco Router and Cisco
Switch:
 Name the device – Distinguishes it from other routers
 Secure management access – Secures privileged for different users and
encrypts passwords to their highest level.
 Configure a banner – Provides legal notification of unauthorized access.

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 Types of routing
1. Static routing
When routers learn from an administrator, it is called static routing. In static
routing we have to add all network locations manually. If any change occurs in
network, administrator is responsible to update it by hand in all routers.
Advantage of static routing
 It is easy to implement.
 It is most secure way of routing.
 It puts no overhead on resources such as CPU or memory.
Disadvantage of static routing
 It is suitable only for small network.
 If a link fails static route cannot reroute the traffic.
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 Types of routing
2. Dynamic Routing
When routers learn from neighboring router through the routing protocols, it is
called dynamic routing. In dynamic routing if any change occurs in network,
affected routers update others via routing information.
Advantage of dynamic routing
 It is suitable for all type of networks.
 Automatically build routing tables.
 Reroute the traffic from possible network, in link failure condition.
Disadvantage of dynamic routing
 It is hard to implement.
 It is less secure, since it shares routing updates with other routers.
 It puts additional overhead on resources such as CPU, memory and link
bandwidth.
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 .

End of Chapter two

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