Unit-4

By
V.Kamala
Asst Professor
Department of Industrial Engineering
Anna University, Chennai
 Predetermined Motion Time
Systems
 Predetermined motion time system (PMTS) is a work
measurement technique whereby times established for basic
human motions are used to build up the time for a job at a defined
level of performance.

 PMTS also called predetermined time system (PTS), is a

database of basic motion elements and their associated normal
time values, together with a set of procedures for applying the data
to analyze manual tasks and establish standard times for the tasks.

 The PMTS database is most readily conceptualized as a set of

tables listing time values that correspond to the basic motion
elements, the lowest level in our hierarchy of manual work activity

 They include motions such as reach, grasp, move, and release.

Predetermined Time Systems
 Frank and Lillian Gilbreth broke work into
therbligs (elements).
 The next step is to assign time values to the
elements.
 Times for elements are added to obtain a total
time.
 Independence and additivity are assumed.
 PTS are based on the concept that there are
basic, universal units of work with standard
amounts of time.
Methods-Time Measurements (MTM)
 Developed in 1946
 Simplified versions are available.
 A training course is required for using the
system correctly.
MTM-1
 10 categories of movements
 Times in TMUs (1 TMU = .000 010 h)
 Times are for an experienced worker working at
a normal pave.
 No allowances are included in the times.
Reach
 Reach to an object in a fixed location or in the
other hand.
 Reach to a single object whose general
location is known.
 Reach to an object jumbled with others in a
group.
 Reach to a very small object or where
accurate grasp is required.
 Reach to an indefinite location.
Move
 Move object to the other hand or against stop.
 Move object to an approximate or indefinite
location.
 Move object to an exact location.
Turn
 A movement that rotates the hand, wrist, and
forearm about the long axis of the forearm.
 Time depends on degrees of turn, weight of the
object, and resistance against turn.
Apply Pressure
 Application of force without resultant movement.
Grasp
 Pickup grasp
 Regrasp
 Transfer grasp
 Jumbled grasp
 Contact, sliding, or hook grasp
Position
 Aligning, orienting, or engaging one object with
another
 Position times vary with:
 Amount of pressure needed to fit
 Symmetry of the object
 Ease of handling
Disengage
 Breaking contact between one object and
another
 Times vary with:
 Class of fit
 Ease of handling
 Care in handling
Release
 Relinquishing control of an object by the hand or
fingers
 Two types:
 Simple opening of the fingers
 Contact release
Other Motions
 Body, leg, and foot motions
 Eye motions
 Combined motions
 Limited motions
 Other MTM Based Methods

 MTM-2 (1965):
 Used for setting standard time for longer tasks
 Based on 9 basic motions and consists of 39 time
values
 MTM-3 (1970):
 Consists of 4 categories of manual motions (10 time
values):
 Handle, Transport, Step & foot motion, and Bend & arise
 MTM-V : Metal cutting operations
 MTM-C : Clerical work

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 Other MTM Systems
 Other members of the MTM family satisfy various user
needs.

 MTM-2 – Second-level PMTS in which basic motion

elements are combined into motion aggregates
 GET – combines Reach and Grasp
 PUT – combines Move and Position

 MTM-3 – Third-level PMTS which has four motion

categories
1. Handle
2. Transport
3. Step and foot motions
4. Bend and arise
MOST
 Maynard Operation Sequence Technique
 Work Measurement System
Methods - Time Measurement

H. B. Maynard was one of three

persons instrumental in the
creation of MTM.
Kjell Zandin, while working in the
Swedish Division of H. B. Maynard in
the late 1960’s, detected striking
similarities in the sequence of MTM
defined motions whenever an object
was handled.
 MOST – Maynard Operation Sequence
Technique
 In MTM:
 theelements are stand alone and do not relate to the
sequence of the operation

 In MOST:
 The complete sequence of the operation, which
consists of smaller elements, is addressed

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 Why MOST?
 It is much faster than traditional time study
technique (e.g. Basic MOST is 40 times faster
than MTM-1)
 Accuracy of up to 95% can be obtained
 It requires less documentation

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MOST makes the assumption that to
move an object, a standard sequence
of events occurs.
The MOST Family

 Basic MOST -- General Operations

 Mini MOST -- Repetitive Operations
 Maxi MOST -- Non-repetitive Operations
 Clerical MOST -- Clerical Operations
Maxi MOST is used to analyze
operations that are likely to be
performed less than 150 times per
week.
Basic MOST is used for operations
that are likely to be performed more
than 150 times but less than 1500
times per week.
Mini MOST is used to analyze
operations likely to be repeated more
than 1500 times per week.
TMU
TMU = Time Measurement Unit
1 TMU = 0.0006 minutes
1 TMU = 0.036 seconds
 Maynard Operation Sequence Technique
(MOST)
 More specifically, MOST is used to:
1. Break down the operation/process into smaller steps/units
2. Analyze the motions in each step/unit by using a standard
MOST method sequence
3. Assign indices to the parameters constituting the method
sequence for each task
4. Sum up the indices to arrive at a time value for each step/unit
5. Sum up the time values for all the steps/units to arrive at the
‘normal time’ required to perform that operation/process
 MOST in the Work Pyramid

Figure 14.2 The position of the Basic MOST activity sequence model
in our work hierarchy

Basic MOST
The focus of Basic MOST is on work activity involve the movement of
objects. The majority of industrial manual work does involve moving
objects (e.g., parts, tools) from one location to another in the
workplace.
 Basic MOST uses motion aggregates (collections of basic motion
elements) that are concerned with moving things. The motion
aggregates are called activity sequence models in Basic MOST.
 There are three activity sequence models in Basic MOST, each of
which consists of a standard sequence of actions:
 General move. This sequence model is used when an object is moved
freely through space from one location to the next (e.g., picking something
up from the floor and placing it on a table).
 Controlled move. This sequence model is used when an object is moved
while it remains in contact with a surface (e.g., sliding the object along the
surface) or the object is attached to some other object during its
movement (e.g., moving a lever on a machine).
 Tool use. This sequence model applies to the use of a hand tool (e.g., a
hammer or screwdriver).
Sequence Models
Basic MOST WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
ACTIVITY SEQUENCE MODEL SUB – ACTIVITIES
General Move ABG ABP A A – Action Distance
B – Body Motion
G – Gain Control
P – Placement
Controlled Move ABG MXI A M – Move Controlled
X – Process Time
I – Alignment
Tool Use ABG ABP _ ABP A F – Fasten
L – Loosen
C – Cut
S – Surface Treat
M – Measure
R – Record
T - Think
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How it works
 The purpose of the MOST system is to calculate
the cycle time for an operation based on Pre-
determined time study data.
Doing the math
 A typical MOST work sequence code would look like this:
 A10 B6 G3 A6 P3 A0

 Step 1 add up all the subscript numbers

10+6+3+6+3+0= 28
(the subscript is the MOST index value)
 Step 2 Multiple the sum of the index by 10
 This answer gives the TMU equivalent
28 x 10 = 280 TMU

 Step 3 Convert to time

280 TMU * .036 seconds = 10.08 seconds
1 TMU
 MOST Study Form
Code:
MOST - Calculation Date:
Area: Sign:
Page: /
Activity:
Conditions:
No
Method Sequence Model Fr. TMU
.
1 Describe activity 1 Ax Bx Gx Ax Bx Px Ax
2
Describe activity 2 Ax Bx Gx Ax Bx Px Ax 　 　
　
3
Describe activity 3 Ax Bx Gx Mx Xx Ix Ax 　 　
　
　 　 　 Ax Bx Gx Ax Bx Px _ Ax Bx Px Ax 　 　
TIME = minutes (min.) 　
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General Move
Sequence
Four subactivities constitute the
General Move Sequence
 “A” Action Distance (mainly horizontal)

 “B” Body Motion (mainly vertical)

 “G” Gain Control

 “P” Placement
The General Move follows a fixed
sequence of steps:
 Reach, either directly or in conjunction with body
motions or steps.
 Gain control of the object.
 Move the object, as in “reach”.
 Place the object in temporary or final position.
 Return to the workplace.
 These parameters occur in the following standard sequence in the
General Move:

 where the first three parameters (A B G) represent basic motions to

get an object, the next three parameters (A B P) represent motions to
put or move the object to a new location, and the final parameter (A)
applies to any motions at the end of the sequence, such as return to
original position.
 To complete the activity sequence model, each parameter is assigned
a numerical value in the form of a subscript or index number that
represents the time to accomplish that action.
 These parameters occur in the following standard sequence in the
General Move:

 where the first three parameters (A B G) represent basic motions to

get an object, the next three parameters (A B P) represent motions to
put or move the object to a new location, and the final parameter (A)
applies to any motions at the end of the sequence, such as return to
original position.
 To complete the activity sequence model, each parameter is assigned
a numerical value in the form of a subscript or index number that
represents the time to accomplish that action.
 The value of the index number depends on the type of action, its
motion content, and the conditions under which it is performed.
Table 14.6 lists the parameters and possible circumstances for the
action, together with the corresponding values of the index numbers.

 When the index values have been entered for all parameters, the
time for the sequence model is determined by summing the index
values and multiplying by 10 to obtain the total TMUs. The procedure
is illustrated in the following example.

Example: General Move

 Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time
for the following work activity: A worker walks 5 steps, picks up a
small part from the floor, returns to his original position, and places
the part on his worktable.
 Solution: Referring to Table 14.6, the indexed activity sequence model for
this work activity would be the following:
A10 B6 G1 A10 B0 P1 A0
 where A10 = walk 5 steps, B6 = bend and arise, G1 = control of small part, A10
= walk back to original position, B0 = no body motion, P1 = lay aside part on
table, and A0 = no motion. The sum of the index values is 28. Multiplying by
10, we have 280 TMUs (about 10 sec).
 
 Example
 Get cover, and place in front.
 Reach 24”, grasp, move 24” in front.
 A1 B0 G1 A1 B0 P1 A0
 Open cover.
 Reach the cover with other hand by 30”, grasp the flap of
cover, disengage the flap with normal effort, turn flap by 120
degree.
 A1 B0 G3 M1 X0 I0 A0
 Remove spec from the cover, and place aside on table.
 Grasp the spec inside the cover, move it out of the frame by
4”, move it on the table by 30”
 A1 B0 G3 A1 B0 P1 A0

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 Example
 Close the cover.
 Reach for the cover flap in other hand, turn the cover to
close, apply slight pressure
 A1 B0 G1 M3 X0 I0 A0
 Put the cover aside.
 Move it back to previous position in 30”
 A0 B0 G0 A1 B0 P1 A1

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