‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

Organic chemistry
By

Dr. Hiba Mahgoub

Organic chemistry

• Is a very important branch of chemistry

Definition:

• Organic chemistry is the study of compound which contain carbon and hydrogen

(hydrocarbons) in general and may contains other atoms such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N),

sulfer (S) ….etc

 Organic compound
Acyclic
(open chain compounds) Cyclic
(closed chain compounds)

Aliphatic
compounds
Aliphatic Aromatic

Alkane Alkene Alkyne

CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
Aliphatic hydrocarbons

• Organic compound contains C and H only

Example:

CH4 (methane)
Alkanes

• Saturated hydrocarbons

• All carbon atoms are bonded with 4 single covalent bond

• General formula is: CnH2n+2

• Sp3 hypridization

• The angle between bonds is 109.28ₒ

• sp3 hybridization
Nomenclature:

• According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC) alkanes are named by

• Number of carbon atoms in the longest chain (prefix )

• Adding the suffix –ane.

See examples P163-164

Alkenes
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons

• Contains at least one C C double bond

• General formula CnH2n

• Sp2 hypridization

• The angle between bonds is 120◦

Nomenclature:

• Number of carbon atoms in the longest chain from the side where the
double bond takes the lowest number

• Add suffix ene

• See P165
Nomenclature

• Ethene

• Propene

• Butene

• 1- butene

• 2-butene
Cis-trans isomerism

• Cis: the large groups are at the same side of the double bond

• Trans: the large group opposite to each other across the double bond

• cis-2-butene

• trans-2-butene
Alkynes

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons

• Contain at least one C C triple bond

• General formula CnH2n-2

• Sp hybridization

• The angle between bonds is 180◦

Naming alkynes

• Number of carbon atoms in the longest chain

• Add the suffix yne at the end

• Examples :

• Ethyne (acetylene)

• Propyne

• butyne
Organic functional groups and their names
Aromatic hydrocarbons

• The most common aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene

• Benzene ring is named as phenyl group

• Benzene ring is named as a phenyl group when it substituent e.g;

phenylethylene
Benzene ring substitution positions

• In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each

other, which may be numbered 1 and 2.

• In meta-substitution the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3

• In para-substitution, the substituents occupy the opposite ends

(positions 1 and 4, corresponding to R and para in the diagram).

Examples
Toluene o-xylene styrene
Biphenyl: involve two benzene ring bonds together
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contain fused benzene rings:
Number of bonds

• For each single bond count one sigma bond

• For each double bond count one sigma one pi bond

• For each triple bond count one sigma and 2 pi bonds

Th
ank
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