Prenatal Period: Chapter II-Child and Adolescent Period

Prenatal Period
Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Topics to be discuss:
• Characteristics of the period
• Prenatal Development
o How life begins
o Ovulation, fertilization, conception
o Genetic and chromosomal abnormalities
o Multiple births
o In vitro fertilization
• Stages/Periods of Prenatal Development
• Environmental effects on prenatal development (Teratogens)

Characteristics of the period
“A person’s a person, no matter how small.”
-Dr. Seuss

• This is the first developmental period in the life span.
• The shortest and the most important period.
• refer to period of development before birth.
• period that ranges from conception to birth.
• period approximately lasts for about 280 days.

6 important characteristics
of prenatal period
1) The heredity endowment
2) Favourable conditions
3) Sex
4) Proportionally greater growth and development
5) The prenatal period is a time of many hazards, both physical
and psychological.
6) The prenatal period is the time when significant people from
attitudes towards newly created individuals.

FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCES THE
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1) Age of the mother
2) Illness and infections
3) Blood RH factor
4) Birth complications
5) Drugs
6) Environmental hazards

The origin of life

How life begins?

What do many scientists
claim?
Evolution

What does the evidence
reveal?
• Researchers have learned that for a cell to survive, at least
three different types of complex molecules must work together
—DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), and
proteins.

What does the Bible say?
• The Bible states that life on earth is the product of an
intelligent mind. Note the Bible’s clear logic: “Of course,
every house is constructed by someone, but he that constructed
all things is God.” (Hebrews 3:4)

What does the evidence
reveal?
• Your body is one of the most complex structures in the
universe. It is made up of some 100 trillion tiny cells—bone
cells, blood cells, brain cells, to name a few. 7
Infact,therearemorethan200different types of cells in your
body.

Ovulation
• Approximately every month an egg will mature within one of
the ovaries.
• when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down

the fallopian tube, and is available to be fertilized.

Ovulation Calendar

2 parts of ovulation cycle
• follicular phase. first half of the cycle, this phase starts the
first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and continues
until ovulation.
• luteal phase. The second half of the cycle from the day of
ovulation until the next period begins.

**ovulation can help a woman get a better idea of when
pregnancy can and cannot occur during her monthly cycle.

Fertilization

• Occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum
membrane.
• Sperm should be ejaculated during sexual intercourse (or

during artificial insemination)

Conception
• Occurs when a female egg (ovum)is penetrated and fertilized
by the male sperm.
• The union of the mother’s and father’s sex cells, also known
as gametes or germ cells.
o Mother’s sex cell are eggs
o Father’s sex cells are sperm
• Successful conception depends on:

o ovaries releasing one healthy egg cell.
o Egg cell migrates most of the way down the fallopian tube.
o One sperm must penetrate the ovum to form a zygote.

Genetic and chromosomal
abnormalities
An overview:
• Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a

person's genes
• A gene is a segment of DNA and contains the code for a
specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in
the body
• Every normal human cell, except for sperm and egg cells, has
23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes.

• Sperm and egg cells have only one of each pair of
chromosomes for a total of 23.
• Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.
• The sex chromosomes are one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• Normal people have 2 sex chromosomes, and each is either an

X or a Y chromosome.
• Normal females have two X chromosomes (XX), and normal

males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

Chromosomal
Abnormalities
• Chromosomal abnormalities can affect any chromosome,
including the sex chromosomes.
• Chromosomal abnormalities affect the number or structure of

chromosomes and may be visible with a microscope in a test
called karyotype analysis.

Types of Chromosomal
Abnormalities
• Numerical abnormalities occur when a person has one or more
extra copies of a chromosome (one extra is trisomy, and two
extra is tetrasomy) or is missing a chromosome (monosomy).
• Structural abnormalities occur when part of a chromosome is

abnormal.
a. Deletions
b. Duplications
c. Translocations
d. Inversions
e. Rings

Genetic abnormalities
• Small changes (mutations) may occur in a specific gene.
• Some substances or agents in the environment are capable of

damaging and causing mutations in genes, and these mutations
may be passed from parent to child. These substances are
called mutagens.

Testing for chromosomal
and genetic abnormalities
• A person's chromosomes and genes can be evaluated by analyzing a sample of
blood.
amniocentesis –is a diagnostic procedure in

. which a needle is inserted into the womb of a
pregnant woman and a small amount of
amniotic fluid is removed.
chorionic villus sampling-procedure that

analyzes samples of placental tissue to
assess fetal wellbeing.

Prevention
• Although chromosomal abnormalities cannot be corrected,
some birth defects can sometimes be prevented.

When Part of a
Chromosome Is Missing
• A number of syndromes can occur in infants who are missing
parts of chromosomes.
• These syndromes are called chromosome deletion

syndromes .
o cri du chat syndrome (cat’s cry syndrome),
o Prader-Willi syndrome
o Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome

Multiple births

Facts
• The scientific study of twins is known as “gemellology”. The
word is probably derived from an ancient German word twine
which means ‘two together’
• Worldwide there are at least 125 million living multiples.
• Did you know that up to 22 percent of twins are left-handed.

In the non-twin population the number is just under 10
percent.

• Twins and multiples have been known to develop their own
language (known as cryptophasia or idioglossia) that only they
understand.
• The average time between the delivery of the first and second
twin is 17 minutes.

Genetics and Types of
Twins/Triplets
• Maternal Family history of twins.
• Fraternal (dizygotic/trizygotic) twins/triplets
• Identical (monozygotic) twins/triplets
• Mirror image twins
• Conjoined twins (Siamese)
• Polar Body or Half identical twins
• Twins of two

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

What is IVF?
• is a process by which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the
body.
• is a major treatment for infertility when other methods of
assisted reproductive technology have failed
• The process involves monitoring a woman's ovulatory process,
removing ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries
and letting sperm fertilize them in a fluid medium in a
laboratory.
• When a woman's natural cycle is monitored to collect a
naturally selected ovum (egg) for fertilization, it is known as
natural cycle IVF.

Why IVF?
• used to overcome female infertility in the woman due to
problems of the fallopian tube, making fertilization in vivo
difficult.
• It may also assist in male infertility, where there is a defect in

sperm quality, and in such cases intra cytoplasmic sperm
injection (ICSI) may be used, where a sperm cell is injected
directly into the egg cell.

• This is used when sperm have difficulty penetrating the egg,
and in these cases the partner's or a donor's sperm may be
used. ICSI is also used when sperm numbers are very low.

METHOD
i. Ovarian hyper stimulation
ii. Natural and mild IVF
iii. Final maturation and egg retrieval
iv. Egg and sperm preparation
v. Fertilization
vi. Embryo culture
vii. Embryo selection
viii. Embryo transfer

RISKS IN IVF
• There may be a failure to recover an egg because:
- follicles that contain mature eggs may not develop in the
treatment cycle
- ovulation has occurred before time of egg recovery
- one or more eggs cannot be recovered
- pre-existing pelvic scarring and/or technical difficulties
prevent safe egg recovery.
• The eggs that are recovered may not be normal;

Stages/Period of Prenatal
Development

Stages of Prenatal
development
• Zygotic (or Germinal) Stage 0-2 weeks
• Embryonic Stage 2-8 weeks
• Fetal Stage 9-40 weeks

Zygotic/Germinal Period
• Begins when egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube
• Period of rapid cell division
• Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of

the uterus

Developmental Process
• The zygote is transformed into an embryo and then a fetus
through the process of:
o Cell Division- begins 12 hours after fertilization and continues throughout fetal
development.
o Cell migration- cell move from point of origin to elsewhere in the embryo
o Cell differentiation- cells begin to specialize, fulfilling the needs of separate bodily
structures and functions.
o Cell death- the selective death of certain cells as they are no longer needed

Key terms
• Zygote- The genetic material of the sperm and egg combine to
form a single cell.
o Union of sperm and egg cell.
• Cleavage- process of rapid division of zygote.
• Blastomeres- first two identical cell.
• Morula- sixty hours after fertilization, approximately sixteen

cells have formed, still enclosed by the zona pellucida

• Blastocoele- a fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of the
group of cells.
• Trophoblasts-outer shell of cell
• Embryoblasts- inner mass of cells.
• Blastocyst- previously morula, when zona pellucida

disappeares
**at this stage the blastocyst consists of 200-300 cells and is

ready for implantation.

• Implantation- the process in which the blastocyst implants to
the uterine wall, occurs approximately six days after
conception.
• The blastocyst first adheres to the wall then moves into the
uterine tissue.
• Implantation marks the end of the germinal stage and the

beginning of the embryonic stage.

Embryonic Stage
• From 2 to 8 weeks after conception
• Begins after implantation and last until eight weeks after

conception
• Cell differentiation intensifies
• Life support systems for the embryo develop
• Organs Appear

Germ layers
• Ectoderm (outer layer)-develops skin, hair, nails, sense organs,
nervous tissue
• Mesoderm (middle layer)-develops muscles, bones, circulatory

system, lymph system, kidneys, gonads
• Endoderm (inner layer)-develops pharynx, tonsils, thyroid,

trachea, lungs, digestive system, bladder, urethra

Major events that occur
during this stage
• Week 3: Beginning development of the brain, heart, blood
cells, circulatory system, spinal cord, and digestive system.
• Week 4: Beginning development of bones, facial structures,

and limbs (presence of arm and leg buds); continuing
development of the heart (which begins to beat), brain, and
nervous tissue.

• Week 5: Beginning development of eyes, nose, kidneys, lungs;
continuing development of the heart (formation of valves),
brain, nervous tissue, and digestive tract.
• Week 6: Beginning development of hands, feet, and digits;

continuing development of brain, heart, and circulation
system.

• Week 7: Beginning development of hair follicles, nipples,
eyelids, and sex organs (testes or ovaries); first formation of
urine in the kidneys and first evidence of brain waves.
• Week 8: Facial features more distinct, internal organs well

developed, the brain can signal for muscles to move, heart
development ends, external sex organs begin to form.

**by the end of the embryonic stage, all essential external and
internal structures have been formed.
**The embryo is now referred to as a fetus.

Fetal stage
• From 9 weeks after conception to birth.
• The most dramatic stage
• Increase in size and systems begin to function
• Age of viability :22-28 weeks
• Although all of the organ system were formed during the

embryonic development, they continue to develop and grow
during the fetal stage

The Fetal Support System
• Placenta: permits he exchange of
the materials between the
bloodstreams of mother and fetus.
• Umbilical Cord: structure
containing blood vessels connecting
fetus and mother.
• Amniotic sac: membrane within
which the fetus floats in a clear
liquid that acts as a protective
buffer.

Environmental Effects on
Prenatal Development

• Teratogens – refers to any disease or viruses, or other
environmental agent that can harm a developing embryo or
fetus by causing physical deformities, severely retarded
growth, blindness, brain damage and even death.

Examples of Teratogens
1. Maternal Diseases Rubella (German measles) – is a disease
that has little effects on mother but may cause a number of
serious birth defects in unborn children who are exposed in the
first three trimester to four months of pregnancy.
2. Toxoplasmosis – is a disease caused by a parasite found in a

raw meat and cat feces; can cause birth defects if transmitted
to an embryo in the first trimester. It can cause severe eye and
brain damage to the developing embryo if transmitted.

 Drugs also taken by pregnant women could harm
developing organisms.
 Examples:
1. Thalidomide – is a mild tranquilizer that produce a variety of

malfunctions of the limbs, eyes, ears and heart of the baby.
2. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) – is a synthetic hormone that can

produce cancer in adolescent female offspring and genital
tract abnormalities in males.

Sexually transmitted disease or STD can produce serious birth
defects. Three (3) of this diseases are:
1. Syphilis – is a common sexually transmitted disease that may

cross the placental barrier in the middle and later stages of
pregnancy causing serious eye, ear, bone, heart or brain damage.
2. Genital herpes – is a sexually transmitted disease that can
infect infant at birth, causing blindness, brain damage or even
death.
3. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – is a viral
disease that can be transmitted from a mother to her fetus that
result in a weakening of the body’s immune system and, and
ultimately death.

• Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) – are group of mild congenital
problems sometimes observed in children of mothers who
drink sparing to moderately during pregnancy.
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – are group of serious

congenital problems commonly observed in the children of
mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy.
Other factors are:

1. Poverty
2. Mother’s Age
3. Drug use
4. Alcohol
6. Smoking and Nicotine
7. Diseases
8. Mother’s diet and Physical health
9. Mother’s prenatal
10. Environmental toxins
11. Low birth weight

Prenatal Diagnosis and
Treatment
• Diagnosis: ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus
sampling can detect physical deformities and genetic disorders
• Treatment: fetal medicine and genetic engineering are

experimental

Prenatal Diagnosis

Labor and Delivery
• Stage 1: starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and
ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm)
• Stage 2: baby is pushed down the birth canal
• Stage 3: placenta is expelled

Three Stages of Labor

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Prenatal Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• The shortest and the most important period.

• refer to period of development before birth.

• period that ranges from conception to birth.

• period approximately lasts for about 280 days.

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Sperm should be ejaculated during sexual intercourse (or

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Successful conception depends on:

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes.

• The sex chromosomes are one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes.

• Normal people have 2 sex chromosomes, and each is either an

• Normal females have two X chromosomes (XX), and normal

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Chromosomal abnormalities affect the number or structure of

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Structural abnormalities occur when part of a chromosome is

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Some substances or agents in the environment are capable of

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

amniocentesis –is a diagnostic procedure in

chorionic villus sampling-procedure that

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• These syndromes are called chromosome deletion

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Worldwide there are at least 125 million living multiples.

• Did you know that up to 22 percent of twins are left-handed.

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• It may also assist in male infertility, where there is a defect in

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period

• Embryonic Stage 2-8 weeks

• Fetal Stage 9-40 weeks

Chapter II- Child and Adolescent Period