Highway and Railroad

Engineering
Week 3, Finals
Specifications And Materials Testing
on Pavement
QUALITY TEST CONDUCTED ON
HIGHWAYS

B I T U M I N O U S P AV E M E N T
I. DESIGN OF ASPHALT MIX (JOB-MIX FORMULA )
Objectives: To determine an economical blend of the

graded aggregates and asphalt that will

produce an asphalt mix in order meet
the desired properties of a bituminous
mix.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Select the grade of asphalt and the type of aggregates to be used.
1. Select the type of grading of aggregates
2. Determine the blending proportion of aggregates to produce the
design grading.
3. Determine the specific gravity of combined aggregates and the
asphalt cement.
4. Make trial mixes with varying asphalt content.
5. Determine the specific gravity of the compacted specimen.
6. Determine the Stability & Flow of the mixes using Marshall
Testing Apparatus.
7. Calculate the percent Air Void (AV), Void in Mineral Aggregates (VMA)
and Void Filled with Asphalt.
8. Plot the data graphically to derive a curve with respect to their properties
(Unit Weight, Stability and Air Voids).
9. From the curve, compute the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) based
on the average of the following curves:

@ maximum unit weight

@ maximum stability
@ designed or ideal air voids
10. The OAC will be used in the same curve to test whether the
computed OAC will already satisfy the bituminous mix
requirements. If not satisfied, then adjustment in the design is
needed.
11. Establish the Flow, VFA and VMA curves using the available data
and test the OAC, to determine whether the requirements are
satisfied. If not, adjustment of the Job-Mix Formula is required.
12. After the adjustment (proportion of CA, FA, MF) go back to step 1-11
 JOB-MIX FORMULA
(Example)

Name of Project: Asphalt Overlay along AMMS St., DPWH Avenue, Intramuros,
Manila, KM. 292.7 to Km. 592.5

I. Sources of Materials
a. Coarse Aggregates - Montalban, Rizal
b. Fine Aggregates - Porac, Pampanga
c. Mineral Filler - Portland Cement (APO)
d. Hydrated Lime - ABC Const. Supply
e. Asphalt Cement (60/70) - Shell, Phils.
 JOB-MIX FORMULA

II. Blending Proportion of Aggregates, %

a. 3/4 max. size of aggregates (CA) = 63
b. 3/8 max. size of aggregate (FA) = 31
c. Mineral Filler (MF) = 6
 III. GRADING OF COMPOSITE AGGREGATES
Aggregates Sieve Size Grading “C” Design Mass Retained
(Inch) Specifications Grading (Grams)
% Passing % Passing
Coarse 1 100 100 -
Aggregates ¾ 95 – 100 97 36
½ 68 – 86 77 240
(CA)
3/8 56 – 78 67 120
#4 38 – 60 49 216
#8 27 - 47 37 144
Fine #16 18 – 37 28 108
Aggregates #30 13 – 28 21 84
(FA) #50 9 – 20 15 72
#200 4-8 6 108
72
Mineral Filler 122
Hydrated Lime
Specific Gravity of Materials
Specific Gravity of Aggregates (Combined) = 2.72
Specific Gravity of Asphalt Cement (AC) = 1.01

Temperature Controls
Temperature of Aggregates = 1650C
Temperature of Asphalt Cement (AC) = 1100C
Temperature of Mix (Aggregates + AC) = 1300C
Compaction Temperature (Mix) = 1200C
VI. ASPHALT CONTENT
% AC by Weight or the Optimum Asphalt Content
(OAC)

@ Maximum Stability = 5.90

@ Maximum Unit Weight = 6.30
@ Designed/Ideal Air Voids = 5.62

% Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) = 5.90 + 6.30 + 5.62

3
% OAC = 5.94
VII. TEST PROPERTIES OF MIX BASED ON OAC
USING THE GRAPH
(GRAPHICAL METHOD)
1. Bulk, Specific Gravity = 2.387
2. Marshall Stability, Kg. = 1,295
3. Flow Value, 0.25mm = 9.16
4. Air Voids, % = 3.38
5. Void Filled with Asphalt, % VFA = 80.64
6. Void in Mineral Aggregates, % VMA =
17.74
 VIII. ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULT
Test Test Result Specification Remarks
s
Stability, lbs 2,849 1,800 Min. Compliance
Unit Weight 2.387 -------- -----------
Air Voids, % 3.38 3–5 Compliance
Flow Value, 0.25mm 9.16 8 – 14 Compliance
VFA, % 80.64 65 – 75 Non-Comp.
VMA, % 17.74 13 Min. Compliance
 III. ASPHALT MIX PRODUCTION CONTROL
Item 307.2.1 Composition and Quality of Bituminous
Mixture
At least Three (3) weeks prior to production, the Contractor shall
submit in writing a job-mix formula for each mixture
supported by laboratory test data along with samples and
sources of the components and viscosity-temperature
relationships information to the Engineer for testing and
approval.
Quality Control in Asphalt Central Plants
The asphalt plant should be equipped with necessary testing
  equipment manned by a competent engineer/technician to
perform the necessary control tests and attend to the
following aspects of production:
1. Periodic checking of weighing scale and volume controls
2. Constant checking of the gradation of aggregate and
proportion of asphalt to aggregate.
3. Checking of temperature of mixture as it leaves the
pugmill/central mixing plant for compliance with the job-mix
formula
4. Checking tests on stability of mix as often as possible.
 IV. CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES ON ASPHALT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
Background:
A good asphalt concrete pavement is preferable than Portland
Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP) due to its lower initial
cost and a more uniform riding surface. In some cases,
bituminous concrete is used as wearing course over PCCP.
An asphalt pavement can be as good as PCCP provided that
five (5) basic equally-important requisites of road
construction are satisfied:
1. Good Design of Asphalt Mix
2. Good Construction Control or Workmanship
3. Good Quality of Materials
4. Good Foundation
5. Good Drainage
 CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
A deficiency even in only one, and in any one, of the above-
mentioned requisites will cause the road to fail. The more the
deficiency, the faster will be the rate of deterioration. It is
stressed that a greater degree of supervision and control is
necessary in the construction of asphalt pavement.

The following are construction control measures in order that an

Asphalt Pavement can perform satisfactorily:

1. Design of Asphalt Mix

1.1 The proportioning of aggregates and asphalt should be
based on laboratory trial mixes.
1.2 A Job-Mix Formula should be set and strictly followed in
all batches of the asphalt mixes.
1.3 The formula should include provisions on :
Grading of Aggregates, Percentage of Asphalt,
Temperature of Aggregates and Asphalt ,
and Temperature of Mixture at the time of
Compaction.
CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
2. QUALITY CONTROL OF MATERIALS

2.1 Aggregates should be the highest quality available as they

constitute about 95% of the mix.
2.2 They be hard, durable and not water – preferential.
2.3 If necessary, an additive should be obtained for better bond
between asphalt and aggregates.
2.4 Crushed Aggregates are better than an ordinary gravel and sand.
2.5 Bituminous material used as binder should satisfactorily pass the
specified requirements prior to incorporation in the design.

3. FOUNDATION CONTROL
3.1 The stability of any engineering structure is strongly dependent
on its foundation. In an asphalt pavement whose thickness is
relatively thin (usually 4 to 6 inches), its strength is primarily
dependent on the foundation.
Therefore. It is important that the base and or subbase should not
have only sufficient thickness but should be properly constructed
to attain high stability.
CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
4. DRAINAGE CONTROL
4.1 Drainage is a critical Item in asphalt pavement than in PCCP.
An asphalt mixture which has been submerged under water,
although compacted to the required degree of compaction can
lose from 50 to 75 percent of its dry strength.
An asphalt mixture, in order to be acceptable should not lose
more than 25% of its dry strength when subjected to the
standard immersion-compression test.

The presence of water within the pavement and its surroundings

is one of the causes in the occurrence of defects in the pavement
because:
a. Surface drainage system is important to prevent intrusion of
water into the pavement since excess water softens the
base/subbase course including the subgrade.
b. The underground drainage system is likewise important to
prevent the intrusion of water from outside of the road
c. Slope drainage system is also important to protect the slope
from erosion.
d. Periodic patrol for inspection of drainage function is necessary
in order to monitor and maintain the existing drainage facilities.
CONTRUCTION CONTROL
5. CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
5.1 Asphalting work should be done only in fair and sunny
weather.
5.2 Asphalt mix should be spread uniformly on a dry base
which has been primed or tacked coated. It should not be
spread on a damp base or directly on standing water.
5.3 At the time of compaction, the temperature of the
mixture should be in accordance with the job-mix
formula.
5.4 The degree of compaction should be checked by
conducting the field density test after compaction. Rolling
shall continue until the required density is attained.
5.5 Prime coating of the base and seal coating of the
finished asphalt pavement are necessary procedures in
asphalt road construction and should never be omitted.
V. QUALITY TEST AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
BITUMINOUS MIX
1. Immersion-Compression Test – Determines the index of Retained Strength of the
mix, which is the ratio of wet and dry stability of the mix (compressive
strength).
2. Extraction and Grading Tests – Determine the asphalt content and particle size
distribution of coarse and fine aggregates, respectively.
3. The Laboratory Density Test – determines the degree of compaction.
 APPLICATION OF SPECIFICATIONS
Case I – Correct Thickness and Correct compaction

Example of Computation:
Data: Actual Thickness of Asphalt Core is 5.0cm or 0.05m
Length of Asphalt Pavement Representing the core is 1000m
Width: 6.10 m
compaction :95.4% (Field Density/Lab. Density = 2.280/2.388
Requirements: Designed Thickness = 5.0cm
compaction Requirement = 95% Min.
Tolerance: + 5mm
Evaluation: The asphalt pavement is acceptable. Therefore, payment
should be made, based on the following:
Cost per 8m2 of asphalt pavement = P3,000.00
Area: 1000m x 6.10m = 6,100m2
Amount to be paid = 6,100m2 x P3,000.00/8m2 = P2.2M/km
Case 2: Correct Thickness but Deficient on compaction

Data : Actual Thickness of Asphalt Core is 5.0cm or

0.05m
: Length of Asphalt Pavement Representing the
Core is 1000m
Width: 6.10m
compaction: 91.0% (Field Density/Lab. Density) =
2.105/2.288
Requirements: Designed Thickness = 5.0cm
: Designed Requirement = 95% Min.
Tolerance: + 5mm
Evaluation : The asphalt pavement is not acceptable
because it does not meet the required density. Therefore, no
payment is allowed.
Case 3: Correct compaction but Deficient in Thickness
3.1 Deficient in Thickness but within the tolerable limit of + 5mm
Data: Actual Thickness of Asphalt Core is 0.045m, which is deficient by
5mm
but it is within the tolerable limit of +5mm.
Length of Asphalt Pavement Representing the core is 1000m
Width : 6.10m
Compaction : 95.4% (Field Density/Lab. Density) = 2.280/2.388
Requirements : Designed Thickness= 5.0cm
: compaction Requirement = 95% Min.
Tolerance : +5mm
Evaluation: The asphalt pavement is acceptable. Therefore, payment
should be made, based on the following:
Cost per 8m2 of asphalt pavement = P3,000.00
Area: 1000m x 6.10m = 6,100m2
Amount to be paid = 6,100m2 x P3,000.00 = P2.28M/km.
Deficiency in Thickness is more than the tolerable limit of +-
5mm

Data: Actual Thickness of Asphalt Core is 0.040m

(Deficient in thickness by more than 5mm)
Length of Asphalt Pavement Representing the Core is
1000m
Width : 6.10m
compaction: 95.4% (Field Density/Lab. Density)=
2.280/2.388
Requirements: Designed Thickness = 5.0cm
Density Requirement = 95% Min.
Tolerance: +5mm
Evaluation: The asphalt pavement is not acceptable due to its
deficient in thickness. Therefore, no payment is allowed.
Case 4: Deficient in Compaction and Deficient in Thickness

Data: Actual Thickness of Asphalt Core is 0.040m

(Deficient in thickness by more than 5mm)
Length of Asphalt Pavement Representing the Core is
1000m
Width: 6.10m
compaction: 91.0% (Field Density/Lab. Density) = 2.105/2.288
Requirements: Designed Thickness = 5.0cm
compaction Requirement = 95% Min.

Evaluation: The asphalt pavement is not acceptable. Due to its

Deficient in thickness by more than 5mm and does not meet
the required density.Therefore, no payment is allowed.
 BITUMINOUS FOUNDATION
( ITEM 201- AGGREGATE BASE COURSE)

Quality Test Conducted On Aggregates

Used On Highway Pavement
 ITEM 201 – AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

- The base reduces the vertical compressive stress

induced by traffic in the subbase and the subgrade.
- Made of high quality material with a high load bearing
capacity and lies close under the surfacing course
material. It provides a relatively non-frost material on
which to provide support for surface course and
sometimes to carry traffic temporarily.
 Allowable Tolerances to the Designed Level and
Transverse Slopes for a Compacted Aggregate Subbase

Permitted variation from design

Thickness of Layer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  20 mm

Permitted variation from design + 10 mm

Level of Surface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 mm

Permitted Surface Irregularity

Measured by 3-m straight edge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 mm

Permitted variation from design

Crossfall or Camber - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ± 0.3%

Permitted variation from design

Longitudinal Grade over 25 m length - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
± 0.1%
-
 Materials Requirements:

- The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve

shall not be greater than 0.66 (two thirds) of the
fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40 sieve)

- If filler, in addition to that naturally present, is

necessary to meet the grading requirements or
satisfactory bonding, it shall be uniformly blended
with the base course material on the road or in a
pugmill unless otherwise specified or approved
sources, shall be free hard lumps and shall not
contain more than 15 percent material retained on
the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
Materials Requirements
- The base course materials should conform to one of the following grading
requirements:

Sieve Designation Mass % Passing

mm inches Grading A Grading B
50 2 100
37.5 1–½ - 100
25.0 1 60 – 85 -
19.0 ¾ - 60 – 85
12.5 ½ 35 – 65 -
4.75 No. 4 20 – 50 30 – 55
0.425 No. 40 5 – 20 8 – 25
0.075 No. 200 0 - 12 2 – 14
Liquid Limit: (Tested by AASHTO T 89)
- The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a
Liquid Limit of not greater than 25

Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

- The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have
a plasticity index (PI) of not greater than 6

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by AASHTO T

96)
- The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve
shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 50.
 CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

- The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 in.) shall have a soaked CBR value not less
than 80%. The CBR value shall be obtained at MDD by AASHTO T 180,
Method D
SPECIFICATIONS FOR
PORTLAND CEMENT
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Grading Requirement For Coarse Aggregate
(for Paving Concrete)
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading

mm U.S. Std. A B C
75 3 in. 100 - -
63 2 – ½ in. 90 – 100 100 100
50 2 in. - 90 – 100 95 - 100
37. 5 1 – ½ in. 25 – 60 35 – 70 -
25 1 in. - 0 – 15 35 – 70
19 ¾ in. 0 – 10 - -

12.5 ½ in. 0–5 0–5 10 – 30

4.75 No. 4 - - 0–5

 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm ( 3/8 in. ) 100
4.75 mm ( No. 4 ) 95 - 100
2.36 mm ( No. 8 ) -
1.18 mm ( No. 16 ) 45 - 80
0.600 mm ( No. 30 ) -
0.300 mm ( No. 50 ) 5 - 30
0.150 mm ( No. 100 ) 0 - 10
 Design of Concrete Mixtures
(for Paving)

Proportioning, Consistency & Strength of

Concrete:
It is required to have at least 364 kg. (9.1
bags) of cement per cu.m. of paving concrete to
meet the minimum strength requirements.

44
 The recommended ranges of slump for various types of
concrete construction are:
Slump, mm (inch)
Type of Construction Max. Min.

Slabs, beams, and

reinforced walls 150 (6) 75 (3)
Building columns 150 (6) 75 (3)
Reinforced foundation
walls and footings 125 (5) 50 (2)
Plain footings, caissons,
and substructure walls 100 (4) 25 (1)
Pavements 75 (3) 50 (2)
Heavy mass construction 53 (3) 25 (1)
Design of Concrete Mixtures

• Flexural strength of not less than 3.8 MPa

(550 psi) when tested by Third-Point
Method; 4.5 MPa (650 psi) when tested by
Mid-Point Method at 14-days;

46
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(Using Simple Beam with Mid-Point Loading)

d = L/3 = 6”

9”
R = 3PL 18”
2bd²

where: R = modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)

P = max. applied load indicated by
the testing machine, lb.
L = span length, in (mm)
b = ave. width of specimen, in (mm)
d = ave. depth of specimen, in (mm)
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)

Calculations:

If the rupture occurs within the middle third of the

span length, the modulus of rupture shall be calculated
as follows:

R= PL
bd²

where : R = modulus of rupture in MPa or psi

P = max. applied load indicated by testing machine
in Ton, N or lb.
L = span length in mm or in.
b = ave. width of specimen in mm or in.
d = ave. depth of specimen in mm or in.
48
CONCRETE SAMPLING

49
MATERIALS MINIMUM TESTING MINIMUM QTY./VOL.
REQUIREMENTS OF MATLS. FOR EACH
SAMPLE SUBMITTED

Joint Filler ( Pre-mold ) For every shipment 1 ( 400 mm x 400 mm )

Curing Compound For every shipment 1 liter

Concrete Cylinder 1 Set of 3 cylinders 1 set of 3 cylinders

for every 75 cu.m. or day of pouring ( 6” x 12” )

Concrete Beam 1 Set of 3 beams for 1 set of 3 beams

every 75 cu.m. or day of pouring ( 6” x 21” )

Concrete Core 5 cores/km/lane -

Asphalt Cores 1 core/100m/ lane -

Water Analysis
a. Chemical Analysis 500 ml
b. Sediment Analysis 500 ml
 Acceptance of Concrete

The strength level of the concrete will be

considered satisfactory if the averages of all
sets of three (3) consecutive strength test
results equal or exceed the specified strength,
fc’ and no individual strength test result is
deficient by more than 15% of the specified
strength, fc’.
 Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the
above criteria may be rejected unless the Contractor
can provide evidence, by means of core tests, that the
quality of concrete represented by failed test results is
acceptable in place. At least three (3) representative
cores shall be taken from each member or area of
concrete in place that is considered deficient. The
location of cores shall be determined by the Engineer so
that there will be least impairment of strength of the
structure. The obtaining and testing of drilled cores
shall be in accordance with AASHTO T 24.
 Concrete in the area represented by
the cores will be considered adequate
if the average strength of the cores is
equal to at least 85% of, and if no
single core is less than 75% of, the
specified strength, fc’.
 If the strength of concrete specimens does not meet the
requirements for the samples , and it is not feasible or not
advisable to obtain cores from the structure due to structural
considerations, payment of the concrete will be made at an
adjusted price due to strength deficiency of concrete specimens
as specified hereunder:
Deficiency in Strength of Percent (%) of Contract
Concrete Specimens, Price Allowed
Percent (%)

Less than 5 100

5 to less than 10 80

10 to less than 15 70

15 to less than 20 60

20 to less than 25 50

25 or more 0
Example:
One (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured (330
sq.m.) reinforced concrete pavement. The flexural strength of
the samples when tested by the third-point method are:

Sample I.D. Strength

MPa/(psi)
B1 3.9 (566)
B2 3.2 (464)
B3 4.5 (652)

Remarks: average of 3 samples the = 3.87 > 3.8

85 % of specified fc’ (3rd pt.)= 3.23
3.2 < 3.23 – not acceptable
Strenght Difficient =[ (3.8 – 3.2)/ 3.8] x 100%
= 15 % -
payment is 70 % of the unit cost 55
Example :
One (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured (330
sq.m.) reinforced concrete pavement. The flexural strength of
the samples when tested by the mid-point method are:

Sample Strength
I.D. (MPa/(psi)

B1 4.7 (682)
B2 5.1 (740)
B3 3.9 (566)

Remarks: average of 3 samples = 4.57 > 4.5

85 % of specified fc’ (mid pt.)= 3.83 < 3.9
payment is 100% of unit cost

56
 PAYMENT ON THICKNESS:GENERAL

The thickness of the pavement will be determined

by measurement of cores from the completed
pavement in accordance with AASHTO T 148.
The completed pavement shall be accepted on
a lot basis. A lot shall be considered as 1000 linear
meters of pavement when a single traffic lane is
poured or 500 linear meters when two lanes are
poured concurrently
 OTHER AREAS

Other areas such as intersections,

entrances, crossovers, ramp, etc.,
will be grouped together to form a
lot. Small irregular areas may be
included with other unit areas to
form a lot.
 FRACTION OF THE
LENGTH
The last unit in each slab
constitutes a lot in itself when its
length is at least ½ of the normal
lot length. If the length of the last
unit is shorter than ½ of the normal
lot length, it shall be included in the
previous lot.
DETERMINATION OF AVERAGE THICKNESS
PER LOT

Each lot will be divided into five (5)

equal segments and one core will be
obtained from each segment in
accordance with AASHTO T 24.
 Individual areas within a segment found
deficient in thickness by more than 25 mm shall
be evaluated by the Engineer, and if in his
judgment, the deficient areas warrant removal,
they shall be removed and replaced, by the
Contractor, with pavement of the specified
thickness at his entire expense.
However, if the evaluation of the Engineer is
that the deficient area should not be removed
and replaced, such area will not be paid.
PAVEMENT THICKNESS

It is the intent of this Specification that the pavement has a uniform thickness
as called for on the Plans for the average of each lot as defined. After the
pavement has met all surface smoothness requirements, cores for thickness
measurements will be taken.
In calculating the average thickness of the pavement, individual
measurements which are in excess of the specified thickness by more than 5
mm will be considered as the specified thickness plus 5 mm and
measurement which are less than the specified thickness by more than 25
mm shall not be included in the average. When the average thickness for the
lot is deficient, the contract unit price will be adjusted for thickness .
. Adjustment for Thickness
When the average thickness of the
pavement per lot is deficient, payment
for the lot shall be adjusted as follows:

Deficiency in the Average Percent (%) of Contract

Thickness per lot (mm) Price Per Lot

0–5 100% payment

6 – 10 95% payment

11 – 15 85% payment

16 – 20 70% payment

21 – 25 50% payment

More than 25 Remove and replace/ No payment

 AREA WITH DEFICIENT THICKNESS

When the measurement of any core is less than the specified

thickness by more than 25 mm, the actual thickness of the
pavement in this area will be determined by taking additional
cores at no less than 5 m intervals parallel to the center line in
each direction from the affected location until a core is found in
each direction, which is not deficient in thickness by more than
25 mm.
The area of slab for which no
payment will be made shall be the
product of the paving width
multiplied by the distance along
the center line of the road
between transverse sections
found not deficient in thickness by
more than 25 mm.
The thickness of the remainder
of the segment to be used to get
the average thickness of each lot
shall be determined by taking the
average thickness of additional
cores which are not deficient by
more than 25 mm.
 Determination of Area to be considered not subjected for payment due to Thickness Deficiency
lenght of pavement (L)

(A)

width of
Pavement ( W)
               
                core with
core with thickness
thickness deficiency
deficiency less than 25
less than cores with thickness deficiency mm
25 mm greater than 25 mm taken every 5 meters
from the core that was first found to have the
thickness deficiency of more than 25 mm than the
specified thickness (A)

Area = L x W
Exercise 1: Determination Of Average Thickness

The Specified thickness of the newly constructed road is 23 cm. The 5 cores
taken in a specified lot has the following thickness; 22.55, 23 .15 , 21.85, 22.10, 22.25

Determine the average thickness of the lot.

average thickness = ( 22.55 + 23.05 + 21.85 + 22.10 + 22.25 ) / 5 = 22.36 cm
What will be the payment ?
Thickness dificient = 23.0 – 22.36 = 0.64 cm = 6.3 mm
payment will be 95 % of the unit cost.

Exercise 2: Determination Of Average Thickness

The Specified thickness of the newly constructed road is 23 cm. The 5 cores
taken in a specified lot has the following thickness; 22.81, 22 .85 , 22.75, 22.91, 22.83

Determine the average thickness of the lot.

average thickness = ( 23.05 + 22.75 + 23.01 + 23.03 ) / 4 = 23.05 cm
What will be the payment ? – payment will be 100% of the unit cost.
Thank You