DOPING AND ITS

EFFECTS
 Dope” – from Dutch word ‘Dop’ – an
alcoholic beverage from grape skins, used
by Zulu warriors to enhance their power in
battle.

Doping is usually considered to be the

deliberate or accidental use by athletes
of substances or techniques that may
enhance performance.
WADA – World Anti-Doping
Agency
• Established in 1999 • HQ – Montreal, Canada
• Created to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against
doping in sport in all its forms.
• 192 countries and more than 570 sporting organizations have
signed up with WADA
Definition

Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following anti-doping rule
violations:
• Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample
• Tampering with any part of the doping control process
• Refusing to submit to sample collection after being notified
• Trafficking a prohibited substance or method
• Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method
• Possession of a prohibited substance or method
• Failure to file athlete where abouts information & missed tests
• Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited substance or method to an
athlete
• Complicity in an ADRV Prohibited Association with sanctioned Athlete Support
India ranks 3rd for third year in a row in WADA
doping charts

• Report published by World Anti-

Doping Agency (WADA) for
2015 with 117 athletes from
the country being punished
after testing positive for
banned substances.
• Two are non-analytical ADRVs
• Out of the 115 analytical ADRVs,
78 are committed by male
athletes while 37 are by female.
Why are they banned?

• Health Concerns
• Ethical Concerns
• Legal Concerns
Classification
 Mask Pain
Narcotics Increase Oxygen
ACTH delivery
Relaxants Cortisone EPO
Alcohol Local Blood Doping
Beta- blockers anesthetics Artificial oxygen
carriers
Cannabinoids

Build Muscle /bone

Reduce Weight
Anabolic steroids
Diuretics
Beta -2 Agonists
hCG
LH
hGH
IGF-1
Performance Mask drug use
Insulin
Diuretics
Epitestosterone
Stimulants Plasma expanders
Caffine secretion inhibitors
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Category Class Examples
Stimulants Caffeine -
Amphetamines -
Cocaine -
Build muscle/bone Anabolic steroids Testerone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione

Beta -2 Agonists Salbutamol, fenoterol

Relaxants Alcohol -
Beta- blockers Labetalol, betaxolol
Cannabinoids marijuana and hashish
Mask pain Narcotics Morphine , methadone, heroin
ACTH -
Cortisone -
Local anesthetics Novacaine, procaine
Increase Oxygen delivery EPO -

Blood Doping -
Artificial oxygen carriers Perfluorocarbons, synthetic or modified haemoglobin

Reduce weight Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide

Mask drug Use Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide
Epitestosterone -
Plasma expanders Albumex, Gelofusine, Haemaccel
Secretion inhibitors Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone
Build Muscle and Bone
Anabolic Steroids

Mostly testosterone and its derivatives

• In Males In Females
• Baldness  Stimulate hair growth on the face and body
• Aggression  Suppress or interfere with menstrual
• Breast development cycle, possibly leading to infertility
• High blood pressure
 Thicken the vocal cords, which causes
the voice to deepen, possibly permanently

 If pregnant, interfere with the

developing fetus
Peptide Hormones, and others

E.g. Human Growth Hormone

Hormone taken in an attempt to increase size and strength of muscles.
Protein Synthesis, Bone Growth and Breakdown of fat.
Health risks include:
• acromegaly - athlete’s hands, feet and face grow very large
• problems with joints and muscles making it difficult to train or
compete
• diabetes
Cntd…

• Insulin and Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1)

• Metabolism of starches, sugars, fats and proteins.
•Stimulates protein synthesis and reduces fat
Side Effect :
• Low blood sugar
Mask Pain
Narcotic Analgesics

E.g. heroin, morphine

These are strong painkillers used by athletes to mask the pain of injury.
These can affect the athlete in the following ways:
• a loss of balance
• decreased ability to concentrate
• sleepiness
• breathing becomes slower
• nausea and vomiting
• further aggravation of injury
Increase Oxygen Delivery – BLOOD DOPING
Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Taken to increase red blood cell count to increase oxygen uptake.
• Health risks include:
• thickening blood
• clots, thrombosis
• stroke or heart-failure
Effects of Blood Doping

• Flaws in technique can lead to complications ranging from

bacterial infections to fatal reactions.

• The sharing of needles or blood can lead to diseases such as

hepatitis or HIV.
Stimulants

• A rise in body temperature

• The body having difficulty cooling down
• Faster breathing
• Increase in blood pressure
• Problems with coordination and balance
• Violent and aggressive behaviour
Diuretics

The use of diuretics may cause the athlete to:

• Faint and become dizzy
• Get headaches
• Feel nauseous
• Lose coordination and balance
• Get cramps
• Have kidney and heart failure
Relaxant
s
Beta Blockers

Beta Blockers act to:

• lower blood pressure
• slow the heart rate
• steady hand movement
They may cause:
• harm to athletes with low blood pressure, heart problems, asthma
• depressive symptoms such as insomnia, nightmares and depression
• sexual dysfunction
• tiredness
Alcohol

Involvement in sport may actually

encourage alcohol consumption:
• after game drinks to celebrate
wins or commiserate losses
• after training drinks
• spectator consumption of
alcohol during sporting events
• sporting stars promoting alcohol
• sports events sponsored by
alcohol companies
The link between alcohol and the
sporting culture is very
Caffeine

• Caffeine is sometimes used by athletes to try to hide how tired they are feeling.
Covering up this feeling of tiredness can result in injury of sickness.
Caffeine is also responsible for:
• a small increase in blood pressure
• a small increase in body temperature
• an increase in how often a person may need to go to the toilet (diuresis)
• making it more difficult to fall asleep
• headaches is some athletes
Mask Drug Use
Secretion Inhibitors

• Eg . sulfinpyrazone and related compounds

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Allergic reactions and
• Kidney problems

In 2000, discus thrower Seema two-year ban for testing positive for
Antil was stripped of her gold
medal at the World Junior
Championships and issued a
public warning by her national
federation for testing positive for
psuedoephedrine, a
sympathomimetic drug often
used as a nasal/sinus
decongestant and stimulant.
India's hopes for the
upcoming Rio Olympics
2016 suffered a huge
setback when wrestler
Narsingh Yadav was tested
positive for banned
substances by the National
Anti-Doping Agency (NADA).
In 2010, shot putter Saurabh Vij got a
banned stimulant Methylhexaneamine.
In 2011, sprinter
Jauna Murmu tested
positive for
Methandienone in an
out of competition
and was
subsequently handed
a two-year doping
References

• Anti-Doping Important Facts and Highlights from WADA’s Athlete Guide

• Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis pp 99-126, Part of
the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP, volume 195)
• V. Birzniece, Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions Volume 45, Issue 3,
March 2015 , Pages 239–248
• David J Handelsman, Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport, Endotext
[Internet], 2015
• Website:
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THANK YOU