Anatomy and Physiology

Homeostasis through
Endocrine System
 Learning Objectives:
• Explain the mechanism on how target cells
receive hormones from glands;

• Review important endocrine glands, determine its

hormones produced and its functions;

• Discuss how endocrine system helps in maintaining homeostasis

or internal balance; and

• Discuss some advantages of humans in the evolution by

developing endocrine glands for homeostasis.
 Let us Play a Game!
“Word Link”
Choose the best word from the choices that can
be best link with the item word.
 MACHINE
SOAP GUN TIME
 ELECTRIC
SPAC STOVE
E
DRESS
 MUSIC
CHAIN INDUSTRY
WIDE
 SECURITY
JOB WATER
DEPOSIT
 So what can you
observe in our game?
• The Endocrine system is composed
of different type of hormones that
affect almost every cell, organ, and
function of our body.
• Endocrine glands secrete chemicals
known as hormones into the
bloodstream, which carries them
throughout the body. When a
hormone in the blood reaches the
target organ, it produces a notable
effect. The endocrine system sends
signals all over the body, much like
the nervous system, but unlike the
instant responses activated by the
nervous system, the effects can take
a few hours or even weeks.
 Hormones will reach bind to the target
cells

Endocrine Glands
secrete hormones Hormones will be transported all over
the body through circulatory system

Physiological Functions Happen

 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
Endocrine Glands and their Hormones
Pituitary Gland
• Located at the base of the
brain.
• Growth Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• stimulates growth, and
controls the functions of other
glands
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
Thyroid Gland

• below the voice box

• Thyroxine, Calcitonin
• regulates body
metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
Parathyroid Gland

• In the neck.
• Parathyromone
• controls the calcium
levels in your body,
and normalizes bone
growth.
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
Thymus Gland

• In front of the heart.

• Thymosin
• Enables the body to
produce certain
antibodies.
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
Adrenal Gland

• On top of the kidneys

• Adrenaline
• prepares the body for
action, controls the heart
rate and breathing in times
of emergency
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
Pancreas

• Between the kidneys

• Insulin and Glucagon
• Regulates blood sugar
level.
 Column A
• Pituitary Gland; Growth
Hormones, Prolactin,
Luteinizing Hormones, Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine,
Calcitonin
• Parathyroid Gland;
Parathyromone
• Thymus Gland; Thymosin
• Adrenal Gland; Adrenaline
• Pancreas; Insulin and
Glucagon
• Testis and Ovaries;
Androgen, testosterone and
Estrogen, Progesterone
Column B
a. Enables the body to produce certain
antibodies.
b. regulates body metabolism, and causes
storage of calcium in bones
c. stimulates growth, and controls the
functions of other glands
d. prepares the body for action, controls
the heart rate and breathing in times of
emergency
e. controls the calcium levels in your
body, and normalizes bone growth.
f. Maturation of male and female
characteristics
g. Regulates blood sugar level.
 • Lower Abdomen
Testis and Ovaries
• Androgen, testosterone
• Maturation of male
characteristics

• Lower Abdomen
• Estrogen, Progesterone
• Maturation of female
characteristics
What is Homeostasis?

“Internal Balance”
 Beta cells from the
pancreas stimulated to
release insulin into
the blood
Stimulus: Rising of
Blood glucose level
(after eating a High
carbohydrate rich
drink)
Blood glucose level
rises to a set point;
stimulus for glucagon
release diminishes
Body cells take up
insulin
more glucose
Blood glucose level
declines to a set point;
Liver takes up glucose stimulus for insulin
and store it as a release diminishes
glycogen
Stimulus: Removal of
excess glucose from
Homeostasis:
Low blood; Low glucose
Blood glucose level level (after skipping
a meal)
Liver breaks down
glycogen and releases
to the blood Alpha cells from the
pancreas stimulated to
Glucagon release glucagon into
the blood
 Skin blood vessels dilate:
Capillary filled with warm blood:
heat radiates from skin surface Body temperature
Thermostat in
hypothalamus decreases: thermostat
activates cooling shut off cooling
mechanisms mechanism
Sweat glands
activated, increasing
evaporative cooling

Stimulus: Increased Stimulus: Decreased

body temperature body temperature
Homeostasis:
(e.g. exercising or in High Low (e.g. due to cold
Body Temperature surroundings)
hot surroundings)

Skin blood vessel constrict,

diverting blood from skin to
Blood glucose level deeper tissues and reducing
rises to a set point; heat loss from skin surface
stimulus for glucagon
release diminishes Thermostat in
Skeletal muscles
hypothalamus
activated; shivering
activates warming
generates more heat
mechanisms
Festival of Knowledge/Assessment
Create your own diagram showing the following mechanism:

1. Body temperature regulation;

2. Blood sugar level regulation; and
3. Blood calcium level regulation.
Assignment
• Discuss some survival advantages of
humans and other warm blooded animals
in developing endocrine glands for
homeostasis.