ENDOCRINE

vs. NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 ▪ composed of glands that
secrete different types of
hormones that affect almost
every cell, organ, and function
ENDOCRINE of our body.
SYSTEM ▪ essential in regulating growth
and development, metabolism,
as well as reproductive
processes and mood
 ▪ Organic substances released
by the glands of the endocrine
system directly into the
bloodstream.
HORMONES ▪ Capable of changing the
physiological and metabolic
behaviors of their target cells
to maintain homeostasis.
 How does your
endocrine
system function?
 ▪ Pituitary ▪ Adrenal
Major ▪ Thyroid ▪ Pancreas
Endocrine ▪ Parathyroid ▪ Ovaries
Glands ▪ Thymus ▪ Testes
Pituitary
Gland
 ▪ a small gland that sits in the sella
turcica (‘Turkish saddle’), a bony
hollow in the base of the skull,
Pituitary underneath the brain and behind
the bridge of the nose.
Gland ▪ 2 main lobes: anterior pituitary
gland and posterior pituitary gland
- joined by pars intermedia.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that
stimulate growth, and controls
the functions of other glands

Pituitary HORMONES
Gland ▪ Oxytocin, Growth Hormones (GH), Prolactin
(PRL), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH),
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
LOCATION Antidiuretic hormone (AH), Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
▪ At the base of the brain
 OXYTOCIN
▪ Involved in childbirth and
Pituitary breastfeeding

Gland ▪ Associated with empathy, trust,

sexual activity, and relationship-
(Hormones)
building
▪ “love hormone”
 GROWTH
HORMONES
Pituitary ▪ Governs height, bone length and
Gland muscle growth

(Hormones) ▪ Maintains tissues and organs

throughout life
 PROLACTIN
▪ AKA “lactotropin”
Pituitary ▪ Causes the breast to grow and
Gland make milk during and after
(Hormones) pregnancy
▪ Responsible for lactation
 PROLACTIN
▪ Hyperprolactinaemia - condition
Pituitary of having too much prolactin

Gland circulating in the blood

(Hormones) ▪ Hypoprolactinaemia - condition of

having too little prolactin
circulating in the blood
 LUTEINIZING HORMONE
▪ Other names: Interstitial cell
stimulating hormone; lutropin; LH
Pituitary ▪ Spurs ovulation and helps with the
Gland hormone production needed to
(Hormones) support pregnancy
▪ Allow reproductive system to
function correctly
 LUTEINIZING HORMONE
▪ Men - stimulates Leydig cells in the

Pituitary testes to produce testosterone

▪ Women - carries out different roles
Gland in the two halves of the menstrual
(Hormones) cycle.
 LUTEINIZING HORMONE
▪ Too much and too little luteinizing
hormone can be an indication of
Pituitary infertility.

Gland ▪ Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -

common condition in women
(Hormones) associated with high levels of
luteinizing hormone and reduced
fertility.
 LUTEINIZING HORMONE
▪ Klinefelter’s Syndrome - male-
only disorder and results from
Pituitary carrying an extra X chromosome

Gland (so that men have XXY, rather than

XY chromosomes). As a result of
(Hormones) this, the testes are small and do not
secrete adequate levels of
testosterone to support sperm
production.
 LUTEINIZING HORMONE
▪ Turner Syndrome - female-only
disorder caused by a partial or full
Pituitary deletion of an X chromosome (so

Gland that women have XO, rather than

XX). In affected patients, ovarian
(Hormones) function is impaired and therefore
luteinizing hormone production
increases to try to stimulate ovarian
function.
 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING
HORMONE
Pituitary ▪ Other name: follitropin
Gland ▪ one of the hormones essential to pubertal
development and the function of women’s
(Hormones) ovaries and men’s testes.
 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING
HORMONE
Pituitary ▪ Important for normal functioning of the
Gland reproductive system of both men and
women.
(Hormones) ▪ Women – controls menstrual cycle &
production of eggs in the ovaries
▪ Men – control the production of sperm
 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
HORMONE
▪ Other names: Adrenocorticotrophin;
Pituitary Corticotropin
Gland ▪ made in the corticotroph cells of the
(Hormones) anterior pituitary gland.
 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
HORMONE
▪ Plays a large role on how body responds
Pituitary to stress
Gland ▪ Stimulate the production of cortisol
(Hormones) (stress hormone) from the cortex of the
adrenal gland
 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC
HORMONE
▪ Cortisol - “stress hormone.”
Pituitary ▪ Cortisol’s roles: Regulate body’s stress
Gland response, helps control body’s use of fats,
proteins and carbohydrates, or your
(Hormones) metabolism, suppress inflammation,
regulate blood pressure and blood sugar,
control the sleep-wake cycle.
 ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
▪ Other names: Vasopressin; arginine
vasopressin; AVP; ADH
Pituitary ▪ Helps blood vessels constrict
Gland ▪ Helps the kidneys control the amount of
(Hormones) water and salt in the body
▪ Helps control blood pressure and amount
of urine that is made
 ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

Pituitary ▪ Most Important Role: conserve the fluid

volume of your body by reducing the
Gland amount of water passed out in the urine.
(Hormones)
 THYROID STIMULATING
HORMONE
Pituitary ▪ AKA “thyrotropin”
Gland ▪ Triggers the thyroid to produce and
(Hormones) release its own hormone.
Thyroid
Gland
 ▪ located at the front of the neck just
below the Adam's apple (larynx)
Thyroid ▪ butterfly-shaped and consists of two
Gland lobes located either side of the
windpipe (trachea).
 ▪ produces hormones that regulate
the body's metabolic rate, growth

Thyroid and development. It plays a role in

controlling heart, muscle and
Gland digestive function, brain
development and bone
maintenance.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that
regulate body metabolism, and
storage of calcium in bones
Thyroid
Gland HORMONES
▪ Thyroid hormone, Calcitonin
LOCATION
▪ In front of the neck and below the voice box
 THYROID HORMONE
Thyroid ▪ Controls the body’s metabolism (body
transforms the food we eat into energy)
Gland ▪ Made up of 2 main hormones: thyroxine
(Hormones) (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
 CALCITONIN
▪ Produced and released by the C-cells of
Thyroid the thyroid gland

Gland ▪ AKA CT or thyrocalcitonin

(Hormones) ▪ Helps regulate levels of calcium and
phosphate in the blood
Parathyroid
Gland
 ▪ small pea-sized glands located in
the neck just behind the butterfly-
Parathyroid shaped thyroid gland.
Gland ▪ important in tightly controlling
calcium levels in the bloodstream.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that control
the calcium levels in your body,
and normalizes bone growth
Parathyroid
Gland HORMONES
▪ Parathormone

LOCATION
▪ In the neck
 PARATHORMONE
▪ AKA Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
▪ Controls the level of calcium, phosphorus and
Vitamin D in the body
Parathyroid ▪ Functions: Stimulates the release of small
Gland amounts of calcium from the bones into the
(Hormones) bloodstream, enables the production of active
Vitamin D (Calcitriol) in the kidneys, signals
kidneys to retain calcium in the body rather than
flushing it out through the urine, signals small
intestine to absorb more calcium from the food
you eat
Thymus
Gland
 ▪ part of the immune system situated
in the upper chest beneath the
Thymus breastbone

Gland ▪ may trigger or maintain the

production of antibodies that result
in the muscle weakness.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that
enable the body to produce T
cells before puberty
Thymus ▪ enables the body to produce
Gland certain antibodies
HORMONES
▪ Thymosin
LOCATION
▪ In front of the heart
 THYMOSIN
Thymus ▪ Helps make specialized types of T-
Gland cells

(Hormones)
Adrenal
Gland
 ▪ small glands attached to the top of
each kidney.

Adrenal ▪ The human body has two adrenal

Gland glands that release chemical

messengers called hormones into
the bloodstream
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that affects
metabolism, immune system and
blood pressure, stress reaction
▪ prepares the body for action,
Adrenal controls the heart rate and
Gland breathing in times of emergency

HORMONES
LOCATION ▪ Adrenaline
▪ On top of the kidneys
 ADRENALINE
▪ AKA Epinephrine
▪ Helps to prepare for stressful or
Adrenal dangerous situations.

Gland ▪ Adrenaline Rush – quick release of

adrenaline into the blood stream.
(Hormones)
▪ Gets the body ready for a “fight or flight”
response
Pancreas
 ▪ organ that serves two vital
purposes: to aid food digestion and
to produce hormones that mainly
Pancreas serve to control levels of energy in
the blood
▪ a large gland that lies alongside the
stomach and the small bowel.
 ▪ The pancreas carries out two
important roles:

Pancreas 1. It makes digestive juices.

2. It makes hormones that control
blood glucose levels.
 ▪ Islets Of Langerhans - cluster of
cells within the pancreas that are
Pancreas responsible for the production and
release of hormones that regulate
glucose
 FUNCTION
▪ Produce hormones that
regulate blood sugar levels

HORMONES
Pancreas ▪ Insulin, Glucagon
LOCATION
▪ Between the kidneys
 INSULIN
▪ Helps the body to regulate the
Pancreas amount of sugar or glucose in the
(Hormones) blood
▪ Helps body use sugar for energy
 GLUCAGON
▪ Increases blood sugar levels and
Pancreas prevents it from dropping too low
(Hormones)
Testes
 ▪ 2 oval-shaped male reproductive
glands that produce sperm and the
Testes hormone testosterone.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that control
maturation of sperm and
development of the secondary
male sexual characteristics
Testes HORMONES
(Males) ▪ Androgen, Testosterone
LOCATION
▪ Scrotum
 ANDROGEN
▪ Substance capable of developing
and maintaining masculine
Testes characteristics
tissues
in reproductive

(Hormones)
▪ Help start puberty
▪ Plays role in reproductive health
and body development
 ANDROGEN
▪ Men - deep voice (vocal cord
Testes lengthening), hair growth on the
face, scalp, chest, underarms and
(Hormones) genitals, sperm development.
 ANDROGEN
▪ Women - regulates menstruation,
aids conception and pregnancy,
Testes minimizes bone loss (osteoporosis),
(Hormones) stimulates pubic and underarm hair
growth.
 ANDROGEN
▪ In all genders, androgens help with:
bone density, muscle development,
Testes puberty, red blood cell production,
(Hormones) sexual desire and function.
 TESTOSTERONE
▪ Regulates sexual development,
muscle mass and red blood cell
Testes production
(Hormones) ▪ Helps men maintain their bone
density, fat distribution, muscle
strength and mass
 TESTOSTERONE
▪ Testosterone has different roles in
Testes different life stages, including:
Fetal development, Puberty for
(Hormones)
male children and Adulthood.
Ovaries
 ▪ produce eggs and hormones for
menstruation and pregnancy.
Ovaries ▪ They are found on either side of the
uterus.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces hormones that
influence development of the
secondary female sexual
characteristics, and maturation of

Ovaries the egg cells and ovulation

(Females) HORMONES
▪ Estrogen, Progesterone
LOCATION
▪ Pelvic Area
 ESTROGEN
▪ Steroid hormone associated with
the female reproductive organs and
Ovaries responsible for developing female
sexual characteristics
(Hormones)
▪ Has 3 main types: estrone, estradiol
and estriol
 ESTROGEN
Types:

Ovaries ▪ Estrone (E1) - primary form of

estrogen that your body makes
(Hormones) after menopause.
 ESTROGEN
Types:

Ovaries ▪ Estradiol (E2) - primary form of

estrogen in your body during your
(Hormones) reproductive years
 ESTROGEN
Types:

Ovaries ▪ Estriol (E3) - primary form of

estrogen during pregnancy.
(Hormones)
 PROGESTERONE
▪ “pregnancy hormone”
Ovaries ▪ Vital for pregnancy, menstruation
(Hormones) and sperm production
 PROGESTERONE
▪ main function of progesterone is to
Ovaries prepare the endometrium (lining of
(Hormones) your uterus) for a fertilized egg to
implant and grow.
 FUNCTION
▪ Produces a hormone that
regulates the biological clock
in some animals
Pineal HORMONES
Gland ▪ melatonin
LOCATION
▪ In the brain
Pineal
Gland
 ▪ also called the pineal body or
epiphysis cerebri
▪ A tiny gland in your brain that’s
located beneath the back part of
Pineal the corpus callosum.
Gland ▪ main job is to help control the
circadian cycle of sleep and
wakefulness by secreting
melatonin.
 MELATONIN
▪ “sleep hormone”
Pineal ▪ Responsible for regulating the body’s
Gland circadian rhythm to
natural sleep cycle
manage the

(Hormones) ▪ Production and release in the brain is

connected to time of day
 Studies show that melatonin can
lengthen total sleep time , shorten
the amount of time it takes to fall
Melatonin asleep and enhance sleep quality in
children and adults.
 Melatonin is high in antioxidants and
has been shown to treat eye
conditions like age-related macular
Melatonin degeneration and retinopathy in
human and animal studies
 Activity 2

’
Who’s in control?
 ▪ Study each picture that depicts
the involvement of a particular
gland in the endocrine system.
Write down the name of the
Procedure: endocrine gland and explain
its effect, according to its
function.
 Athletes burn
up calories
during
exercise.

Answer: Thyroid Gland – it

regulates the metabolism of
the body.
A pregnant
woman.
A boy running away
from danger.
 A kid
growing
taller.
 A sick
person in
bed.
 A girl
eating
sweets.
Role of hormones in
Female and Male
Reproductive System
 Male Reproductive Sertori Cells –
responsible for
System nourishing the
sperm cells
enter
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) Testes
Stimulates Sertori
Cells

Pituitary Gland

enter Stimulates Leydig

Luteinizing Cells
Hormone (LH)

Leydig Cells–
to make and
release
testosterone
 Female Reproductive
System
Controls growth and
release of eggs from the
ovaries.
Estrogen
Follicle
Pituitary Gland Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
Progesterone
Prepares uterus so that
fertilized egg can grow in
it.
 ▪ occurs if the organs and
hormones of your body do not
Hormonal produce the right amount of
Imbalance chemicals needed which in
turn may lead to some
dysfunctions
 Endocrine
System Disorder
 ▪ Happens when the mineral
density of the bone is reduced
making it brittle and porous.
Osteoporosis ▪ Parathyroid hormone secretion
is one of the possible causes of
this disease.
 ▪ abnormal enlargement of the
thyroid gland.
▪ results from the
Goiter underproduction or
overproduction of thyroid
hormones.
 ▪ disorder that happens during
childhood when there is
Gigantism abnormal increase in height
associated with too much
secretion of growth hormones.
 ▪ the production of growth
hormones in the pituitary
Dwarfism gland is insufficient resulting in
short stature.
 Activity 3

Who’s in control?
 ▪ Identify which gland in the
endocrine system is involved
in each dysfunction and
Procedure: explain the effect of hormonal
imbalance that was observed.
Dwarfism
Goiter
Gigantism
Osteoporosis