RESPIRATION

By A. Christie
Adapted by: T. Graham
 Objectives

● Describe the process of aerobic

respiration
● Distinguish between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
● Describe the mechanism of breathing in
human and gaseous exchange in
flowering plants
● Identify characteristics common to
gaseous exchange surfaces
● Discuss the effects of smoking
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INTRODUCTION to
BREATHING

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Breathing
WHY DO WE
BREATHE?

4
 Breathing
HOW DO
WE
BREATHE?

5
BREATHING INVOLVES
INHALATION AND EXHALATION

Inhalation Exhalation
is taking air is pushing
in through out air
the nose and through the
mouth. nose and
mouth.
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 CHANGES THAT OCCUR WHEN BREATHING IN
( INSPIRATION)
Section of the respiratory system Changes that occur

Diaphragm Contracts and flattens

Volume of the chest cavity Increases

Movement of air Air rushes into the lungs

Movement of the ribs Ribs move up and out

External intercostal muscles These muscles contract ( shorten)

to pull the ribs up and out

Internal Intercostal muscles Relax

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MAKE A TABLE ON YOUR OWN
DETAILING THE CHANGES THAT
OCCUR DURING EXHALATION

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Breathing and
Gaseous Exchange
are essential to
living organisms
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 WHAT IS
GASEOUS
EXCHANGE
? 10
Gas exchange is the
biological process
through which gases
are transferred across
cell membranes to
either enter or leave
the blood.
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Gaseous Exchange is the
exchange of gases across a
respiratory surface

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Features of Gas Exchange Surfaces

1. Large Surface Area

2. Thin
3. Moist
4. Transport System (Rich Blood
Supply)

13
WHERE IS GASEOUS EXCHANGE
SEENneeded
Oxygen is constantly IN HUMANS?
by cells for aerobic cellular
respiration, and the same process continually produces
carbon dioxide as a waste product. Gas exchange takes
place between the blood and cells throughout the body,
with oxygen leaving the blood and entering the cells, and
carbon dioxide leaving the cells and entering the blood.
Gas exchange also takes place between the blood and the
air in the lungs, with oxygen entering the blood from the
inhaled air inside the lungs, and carbon dioxide leaving
the blood and entering the air to be exhaled from the
lungs. 14
15
 GASEOUS
EXCHANGE IN
THE LUNGS
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THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM MUST
BE DRAWN.

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Air moves into and out of the
lungs by the movement of
muscles. The most important
muscle in the process of
breathing is the diaphragm, a
sheet of muscle that spreads
across the bottom of the rib
cage. The diaphragm and rib
muscles contract and relax to
move air into and out of the
lungs. 20
During inhalation, the
diaphragm contracts and
moves downward. The rib
muscles contract and
cause the ribs to move
outward.

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DRAW
THIS!

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24
 Inhalation causes the chest volume
to increase. Because the chest
volume is larger, the air pressure
inside the lungs is lower than the air
pressure outside. This difference in
air pressures causes air to be
sucked into the lungs. When the
diaphragm and rib muscles relax,
air is pushed out of the lungs.
Exhalation is similar to letting the
air out of a balloon.
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HOW DOES INHALED
OXYGEN GET INTO
THE BLOODSTREAM?

THE ALVEOLI

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Alveoli are the basic functional
units of the lungs where gas
exchange takes place between the
air and the blood.

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DON’T
DRAW!

28
 The walls of the alveoli are very
thin and allow gases to pass
through them. The alveoli are lined
with capillaries. Oxygen moves
from the alveoli to the blood in the
capillaries that surround the
alveoli. At the same time, carbon
dioxide moves in the opposite
direction, from capillary blood to
the alveoli.

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The gases move by
simple diffusion,
passing from an area
of high concentration
to an area of low
concentration.

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DRAW
!

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32
To diffuse across cell membranes,
gases must first be dissolved in a
liquid. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
are transported around the body
dissolved in blood. Both gases
bind to the protein hemoglobin in
red blood cells, although oxygen
does so more effectively than
carbon dioxide. Some carbon
dioxide also dissolves in blood
plasma. 33
DRAW
!

34
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN FISH

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37
WHY DO ANIMALS NEED A
CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF
OXYGEN?

38
Oxygen is needed for
respiration to occur. Cellular
respiration requires oxygen
to produce ATP, and animal
cells require a steady supply
of ATP. Without ATP, cells
and organisms die quickly.
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Why does Carbon Dioxide need to
be removed from the human
body??????

40
Carbon dioxide is a waste
product of cellular
respiration. Cellular
respiration uses glucose (a
sugar) and oxygen to produce
water, carbon dioxide, and an
energy source known as ATP
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 THE EFFECTS OF
SMOKING ON THE
LUNGS

42
Cigarettes contain
several thousand
chemicals including
nicotine, tar and
carbon monoxide.

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TAR (tobacco residue)

When smoking, the tar in the cigarettes

can cause cancer in the mouth, throat and
lungs. It coats the surface of the
breathing tubes and the alveoli. This
causes coughing and damages the alveoli,
making it more difficult for gas exchange
to happen.

44
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF TAR

● Breakdown of alveoli walls

● Emphysema
● Lung cancer
● Chronic inflammation of the lungs
leading to the development of scar
tissue

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Emphysema
The alveoli lose their elasticity which affects their ability to
carry out vital actions.
It causes air to become trapped in the lung and over stretches
the alveoli then they burst.
When the alveoli break down the walls can fuse together
which makes out of shape and irregular airspaces. This can
make gas exchange less efficient as surface area has been
reduced.
The air is trapped and less oxygen gets into the lungs. The
lungs are put on constant pressure causing emphysema.

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47
CARBON MONOXIDE

an odorless, colorless poisonous gas that

is lethal in large doses. In smaller doses,
carbon monoxide causes increased heart
rate and shortness of breath. Carbon
monoxide attaches itself to the red blood
cells and blocks their ability to carry
oxygen.

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NICOTINE
Nicotine causes the nervous system to stimulate the
release of adrenaline into the blood. When adrenaline
increases in the blood, it causes the heart to beat faster,
the blood vessels to constrict (to become more narrow),
and the breathing rate to increase. Nicotine constricts
blood vessels directly too. Constricted vessels create a
large resistance for the heart to pump against. Nicotine
also constricts the blood vessels in the heart and can
promote heart attacks.

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QUESTIONS

1. How does Marijuana

Addiction affect the body?
2. How does smoking lead to
acute chest illness and
obstruction of airways?
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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN
FLOWERING PLANTS

You are not required to draw but

please make notes from what you
observe on the diagrams.

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GAS EXCHANGE IN DAY AND NIGHT

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ONLY DRAW THE TABLE WITH
MAMMAL, FISH AND FLOWERING
PLANTS IN IT.

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60
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Respiration is a series
of chemical reactions
which happen in all
living cells, in which
food is broken down to
release energy usually
by combining it with
oxygen.
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There are two types of cellular
respiration:
Aerobic and
Anaerobic

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Aerobic
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration is cellular
respiration that takes place in the
presence of oxygen.

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AEROBIC RESPIRATION EQUATION

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Anaerobic
Respiration
70
Anaerobic Respiration is cellular
respiration that takes place
without oxygen present.

An important way of making ATP

without oxygen is called
fermentation.

71
There are two types of
fermentation: lactic acid
fermentation (animals) and
alcoholic fermentation (plants and
yeast).

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 TABLE COMPARING FERMENTATION AND AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Fermentation Aerobic Respiration

Oxygen required? No Yes

Location in cell Cytoplasm Stage 1 in cytoplasm and stage 2 in

mitochondria

Breakdown of glucose Partial Complete

Energy produced small amount (from initial 2 ATP large amount

molecules)

End products: animal cells Lactate (lactic acid) Carbon dioxide and water

End products: plant and Carbon dioxide and ethanol Carbon dioxide and water
yeast cells

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A COMPARISON OF AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze, or affect the
rate, of chemical reactions without themselves being
altered in the process. Specific enzymes catalyze
each cellular reaction.

The main role of enzymes during the respiration

reaction is to assist in transferring electrons from
one molecule to another. These transfers are called
“redox” reactions, where the loss of electrons from
one molecule (oxidation) must coincide with the
addition of electrons to another substance
(reduction). 75
EXERCISE AND OXYGEN DEBT

Oxygen debt is the body's

oxygen deficiency resulting from
strenuous physical activity.

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Lactic acid accumulates in your muscle cells
as fermentation proceeds during times of
strenuous exercise. During these times, your
respiratory and cardiovascular system cannot
transport oxygen to your muscle cells,
especially those in your legs, fast enough to
maintain aerobic respiration. To allow the
continuous production of some ATP, your
muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation.
77
When a period of exercise is over, lactic acid must be removed. The
body's tolerance of lactic acid is limited.
Lactic acid is taken to the liver by the blood, and either:
➔ oxidised to carbon dioxide and water, or
➔ converted to glucose, then glycogen - glycogen levels in the liver and
muscles can then be restored
These processes require oxygen. This is why, when the period of activity is
over, a person’s breathing rate and heart rate do not return to normal
straightaway.

The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the
body's reserves of oxygen, is called the oxygen debt.

When someone who has been exercising pays back an oxygen debt, it can
take from a few hours for normal exercise, to several days after a 78
Biogas

Biogas is a type of biofuel that is

naturally produced from the
decomposition of organic waste.

79
When organic matter, such as food
scraps and animal waste, break
down in an anaerobic environment
(an environment absent of oxygen)
they release a blend of gases,
primarily methane and carbon
dioxide. Because this
decomposition happens in an
anaerobic environment, the
process of producing biogas is
also known as anaerobic
digestion. 80
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