ENGLISH FOR

ACADEMIC AND
PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
MODULE 3
 LANGUAGE CUES,
VISUAL
REPRESENTATION,
AND OUTLINING OF
TEXT STRUCTURES
LESSON 1
 Text Structures and
Common Language
Cues Used
Definition/ Elucidation
verb is/are, for example, can be, is defined as,
means, words refer to composition (contain,
make up, involves), words that suggest
likeness (as, appears to be, refers to), words
refer to a class or genus, a form of (exercise),
a branch of (engineering), a type of (worship),
a kind of (ship), etc.
Description
adjectives to describe size(huge, small or
numbers that specify dimensions), shape
(spherical, octagonal), position (middle, top),
texture (rough, smooth, velvety), color
(verdant green, onyx-like), adverbs
qualifying an action (evenly, 3 roughly,
consistently), adjective phrases (a 10-gallon
container, a four-day weekend)
 Text Structures and
Common Language
Cues Used

Recount of a Sequence Cause-Effect

first, second, now, before, after, then,
finally, while, meanwhile, during, and
other expressions of time and duration
describing the steps in a process or
procedure.
some expressions that indicate effect or
consequence or result (so, so that, as a
result, consequently, explanation for,
thus, and accordingly), expressions that
indicate cause (due to, as a result of,
because of, cause of)
 Text Structures and
Common Language
Cues Used

Problem-Solution Comparison and Contrast

some expressions that indicate a
problem-solution (the problem/dilemma
is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to,
addresses the problem of)
some expressions that point to
similarities (similarly, in like manner, in
the same way), differences (on the other
hand, on the contrary, the opposite,
compared to, in contrast, although,
unless,and however)
 Text Structures and
Common Language
Cues Used

Enumeration Classification
some words that indicate enumeration there are several types/kinds of, a part
(to start with, first, second, in addition, of, an example of,
next, then, another, finally, also) groups/kinds/ways/types/classes of,
another kind of, divided into.
 Thesis-Evidence
assert, claim, prove/show that..., support,
allege that, and nouns like (evidence,
proof, argument)
Text Mapping

is the general term for graphically

organizing and representing the various
parts of a text in a manner that shows
how the parts relate to each other. The
advantage of doing text mapping is that
it shows you simultaneously the details
and structure of a text.
 OUTLINING
LESSON 2
What Is This
Topic About?

Outlining is another way of

determining text structure is by
outlining. An outline shows the
framework of a text through division
and subdivision of ideas.
Basic Principles and
Exam
Rules in Outlining conten
t

1. Principle of Division 2. Principle of Classification

You cannot claim to have divided
something and have only one part, so
since outlining is based on division,
every part of an outline that has
subtopics should have at least two
parts or subsections.
Similar ideas should go together. This
implies that there should be no
overlapping of topics and subtopics in an
outline.
Basic Principles and
Exam
Rules in Outlining conten
t

3. Principle of Coordination 4. Principle of Subordination

Ideas of equal rank and value are
coordinate; therefore, they belong to
the same level of the outline.
Coordinate headings must be
expressed in parallel construction
There are big ideas and small ideas; small
ideas should fall under the appropriate
big ideas.
 Sentence Outline
The heading of each level is in one
sentence.

TYPE Example:
S I. There are two type of sports fan.

OF a. The first type is the spectator.

b. The second type is the analyst.
OUTL II. Sports fans express their
I NE involvement in the game in several
ways.
 Topic Outline
The heading of each level is a phrase.

Example:
TYPE I. Two types of sports fan
S a. The spectator

OF b. The analyst

OUTL II. Ways sports fan express their

I NE involvement in the game
Outline
Format
A traditional outline starts with a
Thesis Statement (TS). This is a one-
sentence statement of the main idea of
the article or text. Then the body of the
article is divided and subdivided this
way:
a. Main ideas are labeled with Roman numerals. (1st
level of an outline)

b. Supporting ideas developing the main ideas are

labeled with capital letters, indented. (2nd level)

c. Details developing the supporting ideas are labeled

with Arabic numbers, indented. (3rd level)

d. Minor details developing the details are labeled with

small letters, indented. (4th level)