HUB

• A network hub or concentrator is a device for connecting multiple

twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together, making them act as a
single network segment.
• Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model, and the term
layer 1 switch is often used interchangeably with hub.
• The device is thus a form of multiport repeater.
• Network hubs are also responsible for forwarding a jam signal to all ports
if it detects a collision.
• Hubs also often come with a BNC and/or AUI connector to allow
connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.
• The availability of low-priced network switches has largely rendered
hubs obsolete but they are still seen in older installations and more
specialized applications.

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 Technical Information
• A hubbed Ethernet network behaves like a shared-medium, that is, only
one device can successfully transmit at a time and each host remains
responsible for collision detection and retransmission.

• With 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T links (which generally account for most
or all of the ports on a hub) there are separate pairs for transmit and receive
but they are used in half duplex mode in which they still effectively behave
like shared medium links.

• A network hub or repeater, is a fairly unsophisticated broadcast device.

Hubs do not manage any of the traffic that comes through them, and any
packet entering any port is broadcast out on every other port (other than the
port of entry).

• Since every packet is being sent out through every other port, packet
collisions result--which greatly impede the smooth flow of traffic.

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• The need for hosts to be able to detect collisions limits the number of hubs
and the total size of the network.

• For 10 Mbit/s networks, up to 5 segments (4 hubs) are allowed between any

two end stations.

• For 100 Mbit/s networks, the limit is reduced to 3 segments (2 hubs) between
any two end stations, and even that is only allowed if the hubs are of the low
delay variety.

• Most hubs detect typical problems, such as excessive collisions on individual

ports, and partition the port, disconnecting it from the shared medium.

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 Dual speed hubs

• Such a device essentially consisted of two hubs (one of each speed) and a
two port bridge between them.

• Devices were connected to the appropriate hub automatically based on

their speed and the bridge handled inter-speed traffic.

• Since the bridge only had two ports and only one of those needed to be
100Mbit/s it could be much simpler and cheaper than a full fast Ethernet
switch.

• Such devices have been rendered obsolete by the decreasing cost of fast
Ethernet switches

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