GROUP 2

Dela Pena, Krisha Jane

Lasig, Prinzes Vivien
Tolentino, Allen Harold
 Learning,
Perception and
Attribution
 OBJECTIVES:

✘ Define learning and identify underlying theories

and types of learning.
✘ Definition of perception and identify the factors
that influence perception.
✘ Describe the Attribution Theory.
✘ Describe the common attribution errors.
✘ Explain how attribution influence behavior.
LEARNING

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 WHAT IS LEARNING?

It is permanent change in behavior or

knowledge due to experience. When a person
behaves differently from what he previously did, it
can be said that there is change in the person’s
behavior. With change there is learning.
 A change in behavior happens due to any or
both of the following:
✘ Learning
✘ Other causes such as drugs, injury, disease and
maturation.

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 Behavioral Change

It starts with the mind when it accepts new

knowledge. Sometimes, the mind orders the body
to show some signs of behavior that is different
from the previous one. Sometimes, the mind is just
plain contented with the new knowledge and do not
make attempts to order the body to show some
outward manifestations of behavior change.

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THEORIES OF
LEARNING
✘ Classical
Conditioning
✘ Operant
Conditioning

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

It is a type of learning in which stimulus

acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was
originally evoked by another stimulus.
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 OPERANT CONDITIONING

It is a type of learning where people learn to

repeat behaviors that bring them pleasurable
outcomes and to avoid behaviors that lead to
uncomfortable outcomes.

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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
TWO THEORIES?

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

involves adjustment to involves adjustments to
events over which the situations in which the
concerned person has no actions of the person
control. determine what happens to
him.

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 SOCIAL LEARNING

The process of observing behavior of others,

recognizing its consequences, and altering behavior
as a result. One of the ways by which people learn
is through social contracts with other people.

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HOW SOCIAL LEARNING IS
ACHIEVED

Social learning may be done in three ways

namely:
✘ By observing what happens to other people;
✘ By being told about something
✘ Through direct experience.

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PERCEPTION
 PERCEPTION

May be defined as the process by which people

select, organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to
information from their environment.

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 Factors
Influencing
Perception

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 The Perceiver

The person who perceives he target is the perceiver,

His perception of the target is influenced by the factors that
are unique to him, like the following:
✘ His past experience
✘ His needs or motives
✘ His personality
✘ His values and attitudes.

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 The Target

The person, object, or event that is perceived by another

person is the target. Perception may be modified by the
following factors which are typical characteristics of targets:
✘ Contrast
✘ Intensity
✘ Figure-ground separation
✘ Size
✘ Motion
✘ Repetition and novelty

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Following Factors which are Typical
Characteristics of Targets
✘ Contrast- if during the perception process, the target
is situated in a background of contrast, perception is
affected.
✘ Intensity- varies in terms of brightness, color, depth,
and sound, and because of these, perception is
affected.
✘ Figure-ground separation- the figure and its ground
is a factor that may affect visual perception.The
figure is the one being looked at, and the ground is
the background against which it stands.

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Following Factors which are Typical
Characteristics of Targets

✘ Size- the size of the target is also a factor that may

affect perception. Those that are smaller or larger than
the average are perceived differently.
✘ Motion- in terms of motion, moving objects are
perceived differently from stationary objects.
✘ Repetition- affects perception.

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The Situation
Perception is also affected by the surroundings
environment.

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 The situational
factors that affect
perception are:
✘ 1.Time
✘ 2.Work Setting
✘ 3.Social setting

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ATTRIBUTION
 ATTRIBUTION

✘ A theory that maybe useful for a better understanding

of human behaviour.
✘ A process by which people ascribe causes to the

behaviour they perceive.

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 Common Attribution
Errors
There are two common errors in determining
the causes of other people’s behavior. These
are:

 The Fundamental attribution error

 The Self-serving bias

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 Common Attribution
Errors
The Fundamental Attribution Error
It refer to the tendency to underestimate the influence
of external factors and overestimate the internal or personal
factors in the behaviour of others.

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 Common Attribution
Errors
The Self-serving bias
It is a type of attribution error whereby people tend
to attribute their achievements to their good inner
qualities, whereas they attribute their failures to adverse
factors within the environment.

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 Factors that
Influence
Attribution
✘ Distinctiveness
✘ Consensus
✘ Consistency
Factors that Influence Attribution

Distinctiveness
The consideration given to how consistent a
person’s behaviour is across different situations.

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Factors that Influence Attribution

Consensus
This refers to the likelihood that all those facing
the same situation will have similar responses.

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Factors that Influence Attribution

Consistency
This refers to the measure of whether an individual
responds the same way across time.

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Shortcuts used in
Forming
Impressions of
others
✘ Selective
Perception
✘ Halo effect
✘ Contrast Effects
✘ Projection
✘ Stereotyping
Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
others

Selective Perception
It happens when a person selectively interprets what
he sees on the basis of his interest, background,
experience, and attitude.

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Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
others

Halo Effect
It occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is
used to develop an overall impression of the person or
situation.

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Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
others

Contrast Effects
An unconscious bias that happens when two things
are judged in comparison to one another, instead of being
assessed individually.

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Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
others

Projection
It is attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or
motives to another. It is likely to occur in the
interpretation stage of perception.

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Shortcuts used in Forming Impressions of
others

Stereotyping
It refers to judging someone on the basis of one’s
perception of the group to which that person belongs.

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Thank you for
listening....

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