PETR5350-Sep8,2021-Lec 3-Nat Gas Reserves

Natural gas liquefaction plant.
NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

PETR5350/6350
Lec. 3 –Natural Gas Reserves
S.M. Farouq Ali
University of Houston
99,000 gas wells. Total

Fall 2021
prod 19.7Bcf/day.
SMFarouqAli-Sep8,2021 1
WHERE IS OIL STORED?
• Cushing, OK Storage capacity 91 million barrels
• Hardisty, Alberta
Storage capacity 16 million barrels
• Tankers on the sea 11 million barrels

• U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve 713.5 million barrels
World produces 100 million barrels/day
Marc Rich became very rich using stored
oil and price volatility
His company, Glencore, and others like them

made $700 billion last year. This year promises
to be as good or better!
Assignment 1 – PETR 5350/6350 – Natural Gas Engineering – Fall 2021
Natural Gas Properties, Reserves

(Thursday, Sep 8, 2021 – Due on Thursday, Sep 16, 2021)
1. Calculate the pressure at which the volume of 1 lb of ethane will be 0.1 ft3, at a temperature of
150 F. The critical pressure of ethane is 708 psia and critical temperature is 90 F. Calculate the Z-
factor from Papay's equation
0.274 𝑝 2 3.52 𝑝
𝑍 = 1 + 10 0.8157𝑅𝑇 𝑅 − 10 0.9813𝑅 𝑇 𝑅
2. A one lb mixture of ethane and methane contains 30% by volume of methane. Mixture pressure
is 500 psia and temperature is 300 F. Calculate the mixture volume. Use Papay's equation to
calculate the Z-factor. The critical pressure of ethane is 708 psia and critical temperature is 90 F,
and the critical pressure of methane is 673 psia and critical temperature is -116 F.
3. A natural gas has a molecular weight of 16, critical pressure of 673 psia, and critical temperature
of 344 R. Reservoir pressure is 3500 psia, temperature is 270 F. Calculate the gas formation
volume factor, Bg, in reservoir ft3/scf and in reservoir barrels/scf. Also calculate the density and
compressibility of the gas.
4. Calculate the pressure at the bottom of a shut-in gas well using Papay’s equation inside the
integral. The surface pressure is 3000 psia, depth is 5000 ft, reservoir temperature is 180 F, M=16,
critical pressure of the gas is 673 psia and critical temperature is -116 F.
5. The following pressure-cumulative gas production data is for a gas reservoir (M=16, critical
pressure of the gas is 673 psia and critical temperature is -116 F). Reservoir temperature is 120 F.
Determine the initial gas in place. Comment on the plot.
Pressure, psia Cumulative gas production, 109 scf

4600 0
4000 0.5
3100 1.5
2000 2.9
1000 4.9
400 6.0
6. A gas reservoir is 35 ft thick, with a porosity of 23% and water saturation of 32%. The base of
the reservoir is 5 miles x 3 miles, and the top is 4 miles x 2 miles. The natural gas has a molecular
weight of 16, critical pressure of 673 psia, and critical temperature of 344 R. Reservoir pressure is
3500 psia, temperature is 270 F. Abandonment pressure is 500 psia. Calculate the volume of the
SMFarouqAli-Sep8,2021 recoverable gas in scf, and its value for a gas price of $2.80/Mcf, and also the value of the gas left 4
in the reservoir at abandonment.
Projects for Graduate Students
Please choose the project, and let me know by email (
sfarouqa@central.uh.edu) your choice.
1. GTL: Gas-To-Liquids – Does it make economic sense?
2. Negative Emissions – Taking CO2 out of the atmosphere
3. Z-factor calculation methods for various gases
4. Market for LNG and Economics
5. Why are gas pipelines hot, and oil pipelines cold?
6. Effect of liquid carryover in a gas pipeline
7. LNG Re-evaporation
8. Transporation of gas via LNG vs methanol
9. Natural gas products
10. Comparison of natural gas and coalbed methane
11. Production of NGL, market, and prices
12. Natural gas hydrates – problem and energy source
13. Electric cars: role of natural gas, pros and cons
14. Formation and mechanics of hydrates on ocean floor
15. Abiotic theory of oil and gas
WET (or RAW) GAS
• Produced gas is often a two-phase mixture –
separator gas and liquid measured – equivalent
gas calculated
• Cumulative gas produced Gp is separator gas as
measured and natural gas liquid (NGL)
removed in the separator – recombined to
represent reservoir gas
• Non-associated gas, associated gas, solution gas
METHODS OF CALCULATING RESERVES
– depend on reservoir type, energy, geological and petrophysical data,
assumptions, technology
1. Volumetric and analogy

Early stage, geological and log data, little production history, a mature field is taken as analogy
2. Material balance equation

Considerable production data available, good data on gas properties, petrophysical data
3. Decline curve analysis

As production data becomes available, not well suited for gas wells as BHP varies, empirical.
Initial exponential decline, passing to proportional to production rate, i.e. hyperbolic and harmonic
decline
4. Reservoir simulation
Far more work needed on geological model construction, preparation of PVT data, and
production data input and forecasting
5. Data Analytics
r p rob ab ilistic
istic o
Determin
Porosity VOLUMETRIC
reservoir
G – Initial gas in place, scf
Water
• G= A h f (1-Sw) / Bgi saturation
Bgi in res ft3/scf = 14.7TZ/(520 p)
A= area in square ft Remember: Reservoir volume/Bg = Standard volume
• G= 7758 A h f (1-Sw) / Bgi

Bgi in res bbl/scf = 14.7TZ/(5.615x520 p)
A= area in acres (7758 bbls in an acre-ft)
• G= 43,560 A h f (1-Sw) / Bgi

Bgi in res ft3/scf = 14.7TZ/(520 p)
A= area in acres (43,560 ft2 in an acre)
Bulk volume of the reservoir, Vb = Ah

Ex.1
BULK VOLUME CALCULATION
Volume of a frustum
Volume of a trapezoid
Volume of a series of
trapezoids
Ex.2
AVERAGE PRESSURE
• Well average =
• Areal average =
• Volumetric average =
The pressure is used for calculating the
formation volume factors and can have a
profound effect on results. Ideally, an isobaric-
isopachous map should be used for calculating
the average pressure
EXAMPLE
IMPORTANT VARIABLES
• Porosity
• Connate water saturation
• Pressure (that determines Z and Bg), Sgr to
water drive
• Water drive variables, if present
CONNATE WATER vs. PERMEABILITY
RESIDUAL GAS SATURATION
Volumetric
• G= A h f (1-Sw) / Bgi
Substituting for Bgi,
G= [(520)/(14.7 T)] A h f (1-Sw) pi/Zi
where T is in R
This equation gives gas in place at any pressure, thus

Gp/G = 1 – (p/Z)/(pi/Zi)
Or, Gp = b – m(p/Z)
where Gp is cumulative gas produced
Ex.3
UNIT GAS RECOVERY
gas produced per acre-ft
• Unit recovery is the difference between initial
gas in place and the gas remaining at the
abandonment pressure for one acre-foot
• Unit recovery = 43560 f (1-Sw) (1/Bgi – 1/Bga)
• Recovery factor = (Bga – Bgi )/Bga
p/Z PLOTS FOR VARIOUS DRIVE
MECHANISMS
Lee and Wattenbarger- Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE
WATER DRIVE
• Partial or complete water drive leads to a
reduction in gas reserves
• Volumetric gas reservoirs have the highest
recovery factor
• Water invaded volume can be estimated from
watered out wells
• Low permeability rock may not be invaded at all,
but is “drowned” by surrounding water invasion
into high permeability media
WHY AREN’T ABANDONED GAS
RESERVOIRS WATERFLOODED?
• Because of gas compressibility
• Example:
Suppose 1 bbl of water displaces 1 bbl (5.615 cu
ft) of gas at 500 psia, at which Bg is 0.03623 cu
ft/scf. The volume of gas produced is 155 scf,
value about 40 ¢. One bbl of water would
displace about 0.5 bbl oil, value about $35.
FLASH CALCULATION
• Consider 1 mole of fed-in fluid:
nL + nV = 1,
where nL is number of moles of fluid in liquid phase, and nV is the number of
moles of fluid in vapor phase
For component i,
zi = xi nL + y i nV Ki = y i / x i
or, xi = y i = Ki x i
Then,
Example
• A hydrocarbon system has the following com
FLASH AND DIFFERENTIAL GAS
LIBERATION
• When gas is liberated from oil, the
concentration of intermediate hydrocarbons (in
particular, propane, butanes, and pentanes) in
the liquid and the vapor phases will depend on
the manner in which gas is liberated:
– Flash liberation: gas evolved remains in contact
with the liquid (in equilibrium)
– Differential liberation: gas evolved is immediately
removed
FLASH DIFFERENTIAL
Occurs in surface separators. Occurs in the reservoir.
EFFECT ON SOLUTION GAS-OIL RATIO
MATERIAL BALANCE
Gp Bgf = G(Bgf - Bgi) + We – Bw Wp
where G, Gp, and Wp are in scf, We is in
reservoir cu ft, Bgi, Bga, and Bw are in reservoir cu
ft/scf.
• Unknown in the above equation is We
• Also possible to solve for both G and We , if a
suitable water influx equation is available
Ex.4

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Natural gas liquefaction plant.

NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

99,000 gas wells. Total

• Tankers on the sea 11 million barrels

His company, Glencore, and others like them

Natural Gas Properties, Reserves

Pressure, psia Cumulative gas production, 109 scf

1. Volumetric and analogy

2. Material balance equation

3. Decline curve analysis

• G= 7758 A h f (1-Sw) / Bgi

• G= 43,560 A h f (1-Sw) / Bgi

Bulk volume of the reservoir, Vb = Ah

This equation gives gas in place at any pressure, thus

Lee and Wattenbarger- Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE

Occurs in surface separators. Occurs in the reservoir.

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