The Tissue Level of

Organization
 What are the body tissues?
 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle tissue
 What is the Overview of Tissue
Science?
 Histology
 The study of tissues

 Four Basic Tissue Types

 Epithelial
 Connective
 Muscular
 Neural

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Key Note
Tissues are collections of cells
and extracellular material that
perform a specific but limited
range of functions.The four
tissue types, in varying
combinations, form all of the
structures of the human body.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 An Orientation
to the Tissues
of the Body

Figure 4-1
 What are the different types of
epithelial tissue?
1. Simple epithelium (one layer of cells)
a) Simple squamous epithelium – rapid diffusion
b) Simple cuboidal epithelium – found on glands
c) Simple columnar epithelium – goblet cells in
digestive tract
d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium – false
idea of a stratified tissue found in respiratory
system
 What are the different types of
epithelial tissue?
2. Stratified epithelium (two or more cell
layers)
a) Stratified squamous epithelium – made of
different types of cells found in mouth and
esophagus
b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium – found in
glands
c) Stratified columnar epithelium – found in
glands
d) transitional epithelium – modified stratified
squamous epithelium found in the urinary
bladder, the ureters and urethra
Epithelial Tissue Drawings
Epithelial Tissue

Table 4-1
Simple Squamous Epithelium

Figure 4-4(a)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Figure 4-4(b)
Simple Columnar Epithelium

Figure 4-4(c)
Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar Epithelium

Figure 4-5(a)
Transitional Epithelium

Figure 4-5(b)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Figure 4-5(c)
 Epithelial Tissue Microscope
Samples
simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

 What are the different types of
connective tissue?
 Bone (osseous tissue) – composed of
calcium and collagen
 Cartilage – very soft and flexible
 Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous
tissue) – very strong fibers that make
tendons and ligaments
 Loose connective tissue – soft and few
fibers
 Areolar tissue – soft, flexible tissue that
protects the body organs
 What are the different types of
connective tissue?
 Adipose tissue – fat
 Reticular connective tissue – delicate
fibers found in spleen, bone marrow,
and lymph nodes
 Blood – vascular tissue
 What are the Functions of
Connective Tissues?
 Structural framework
 Fluid and solute
transport
 Physical protection
 Tissue interconnection
 Fat storage
 Microorganism defense

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Connective Tissues
 Major Types of Connective Tissue

Figure 4-7
Loose Connective Tissue

Figure 4-9(a)
Adipose Tissue

Figure 4-9(b)
Dense Connective Tissues

Figure 4-9(c)
Hyaline Cartilage

Figure 4-10(a)
Elastic Cartilage

Figure 4-10(b)
Fibrocartilage

Figure 4-10(c)
Bone

Figure 4-11
 What are the Four Types of
Membranes?
Mucous
 Mucus moistens surface
 Examples: oral cavity, airways

Serous
 Line internal cavities
 Example: peritoneal membrane

Cutaneous
 Covers body surface
 Example: the skin

Synovial
 Lubricates joints
 Examples: knee, elbow

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Membranes

Figure 4-12
What are the three types of muscle
tissue?
 Skeletal muscle – controlled voluntarily by pulling
on bones or skin
 Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) – controlled
involuntarily
 Smooth muscle (visceral muscle) – found in the
walls of hollow organs such as stomach, bladder,
uterus, and blood vessels
Connective Tissue Microscope
Samples
Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Figure 4-13(a)
Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Figure 4-13(b)
Smooth Muscle Tissue

Figure 4-13(c)
Muscle Tissue Microscope Samples
Neural Tissue

Figure 4-14
Nervous Tissue Microscope
Samples
 What is the Relationship Between
Tissues and Aging?
 Aging and Cancer Incidence
 25% develop cancer
 Cancer risk rises with age
 After heart disease, cancer second
leading cause of death
 Smoking linked to 40% of cancers
 75% caused by environment

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 What are the functions Epithelial
Tissue?
 Physical protection
 Permeability control
 Sensation trigger
 Specialized
secretions

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings