Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Matrices and Systems of Equations
Matrices and Systems of Equations
7.4 Equations
3
Matrices
In this section, you will study a streamlined technique for
solving systems of linear equations.
4
Matrices
5
Matrices
The entry in the i th row and j th column is denoted by the
double subscript notation aij.
For instance, the entry a23 is the entry in the second row and
third column.
a. [2] b. c.
d. e.
7
Example 1 – Solution
a. This matrix has one row and one column. The
dimension of the matrix is 1 1.
9
Matrices
The matrix derived from the constant terms of the system is
the constant matrix of the system.
x – 4y + 3z = 5
System: – x – 3y – z = –3
2x – 4z = 6
Augmented Matrix:
10
Matrices
Coefficient Matrix:
Constant Matrix:
11
Matrices
Note the use of 0 for the missing coefficient of the
y-variable in the third equation, and also note the fourth
column (of constant terms) in the augmented matrix.
12
Example 2 – Writing an Augmented Matrix
13
Example 2 – Solution
Begin by writing the linear system and aligning the
variables.
x + 3y = 9
– y + 4z = –2
x – 5z = 0
14
Example 2 – Solution cont’d
15
Elementary Row Operations
16
Elementary Row Operations
In matrix terminology, these three operations correspond to
elementary row operations.
17
Example 3 – Elementary Row Operations
18
Example 3 – Elementary Row Operations cont’d
19
Gaussian Elimination with Back-Substitution
20
Example 4 – Comparing Linear Systems and Matrix Operations
x – 2y + 3z = 9
–x + 3y + z = – 2
2x – 5y + 5z = 17
Add the first equation to the Add the first row to the
second equation. second row: R1 + R2.
x – 2y + 3z = 9
y+ 4z = 7
2x – 5y + 5z = 17
21
Example 4 – Comparing Linear Systems and Matrix Operations
cont’d
Add –2 times the first Add –2 times the first row to the
equation to the third third row: –2R1+R3
equation.
x – 2y + 3z = 9
y + 4z = 7
–y– z=–1
x – 2y + 3z = 9
–x + 3y + z = –2
2x – 5y + 5z = 17
22
Example 4 – Comparing Linear Systems and Matrix Operations
cont’d
x – 2y + 3z = 9
y + 4z = 7
z=2
x = 1, y = –1, and z = 2.
23
Gaussian Elimination with Back-Substitution
24
Gaussian Elimination with Back-Substitution
25
Example 5 – Row-Echelon Form
Determine whether each matrix is in row-echelon form. If it
is, determine whether the matrix is in reduced row-echelon
form.
a. b.
c. d.
26
Example 5 – Row-Echelon Form cont’d
e. f.
Solution:
The matrices in (a), (c), (d), and (f) are in row-echelon form.
27
Example 5 – Solution cont’d
28
Gaussian Elimination with Back-Substitution
29
Example 6 – Gaussian Elimination with Back-Substitution
Solution:
30
Example 6 – Solution cont’d
Interchange R1 and R2
so first column has
leading 1 in upper left
corner.
Perform operations
on R3 and R4 so first
column has zeros below
its leading 1.
31
Example 6 – Solution cont’d
Perform operations on
R4 so second column
has zeros below its
leading 1.
Perform operations on
R3 and R4 so third and
fourth columns have
leading 1’s.
32
Example 6 – Solution cont’d
x + 2y – z = 2
y + z – 2w = – 3
z– w=–2
w= 3
x = –1, y = 2, z = 1, w = 3.
34
Gauss–Jordan Elimination
With Gaussian elimination, elementary row operations are
applied to a matrix to obtain a (row-equivalent) row-echelon
form of the matrix.
35
Example 8 – Gauss–Jordan Elimination
Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the system.
x – 2y + 3z = 9
– x + 3y + z = – 2
2x – 5y + 5z = 17
Solution:
In Example 4, Gaussian elimination was used to obtain the
row-echelon form
36
Example 8 – Solution cont’d
Perform operations on R3 so
second column has a zero
above its leading 1.
37
Example 8 – Solution cont’d
x= 1
y = –1
z= 2
38
Example 8 – Solution cont’d
Figure 7.23
39