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The Nature, Concepts and Objectives of Physical
The Nature, Concepts and Objectives of Physical
OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
Competencies:
1.
Provide information about the nature, concepts, and objectives of
physical education.
2.
Identify the influences of the various philosophies on physical
education.
3.
Trace the historical development of physical education.
4.
Identify the philosophical, psychological and sociological theories of
physical education.
5.
Apply the theories and principles in the teaching of physical
education.
6.
Relate the theories and principles to the teaching of physical
education.
•
For about a century, many people have been confused about the
term physical education and are not exactly sure about the term
and what physical education teachers do.
Even college students, who have chosen physical education as
their major field shared this confusion.
Despite this confusion, physical education has been accepted as
part of the curriculum in all schools.
What is important is that physical education is one subject that is
well –taught and well-accepted.
Within the past decades, dramatic changes have
occurred in the field of physical education and
sport.
Contemporary physical education and sport
has expanded to include persons of all ages
and abilities.
Involvement in carefully designed programs
can enhance the health and quality of life of
the participants.
THE LEGALITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
BRANCH FOCUS General Questions Questions Relative to Physical Education and Sport
Metaphysics Nature of reality What is the meaning of existence? What experiences in a physical education program will better enable the individual to meet the challenges of the
What is real? real world?
Epistemology Nature of knowledge and methods of What is true? What is the validity of the knowledge pertaining to physical activity and its influence on the development of the
obtaining knowledge individual?
Logic Systematic and orderly reasoning What is the method of reasoning that What process should a researcher use to determine the value of physical education to program participants?
will lead to the truth?
Axiology Aims and values of society How do we determine what has value, What is the value of physical education programs to the individual?
and on what criteria are this judgment
based?
Ethics Issues of conduct, right and wrong What is the highest standard of How can sport be utilized to develop ethics?
behavior each person should strive to
attain?
Aesthetics Nature of beauty and art What is beauty? Why are skilled performer’s movements beautiful to view?
TRADITIONAL EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
•The belief that life is governed by the laws of nature is central to the
philosophy of naturalism. Development of both the mind and body is
incorporated in this philosophy.
•It emphasizes the importance of considering each individual’s level
of growth and development in learning and designing experiences that
are congruent to the individual’s needs. The natural environment
provides an excellent setting to help individuals learn. Self direction,
individualized learning, and competition against oneself are
important in this philosophical approach.
NATURALISM AS APPLIED TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
Persia:
• Physical education was the modality used to
accomplish the primary aim of developing in their
young men military skills, high moral standards and
patriotism to strengthen and extend the empire.
Egypt
Popular activities in ancient Egypt were swimming, since
civilization’s life was based on rivers.
Wrestling which was participated in by the nobility, the soldiers,
the merchants, and the unskilled laborers; and gymnastic activities
and games using the skills of fighting and war.
Gymnastics exercises were required exercises to make the body
supple, strong, and capable of great endurance and stamina.
One of the most popular indoor activities was a board game
called senet.
Dances were both religious and folk.
China
Physical activities in ancient China were confined to the military men.
They were given examinations on lifting the weights, shooting the bow, and
handling the sword.
They boxed, played football (tsu’ u chu), and practiced jiu-jitsu. Recreational
games and sports such as the early versions of soccer, polo, chess, and
competitions in archery and wrestling, tug-of –war, water games, chi’ ui wan
(similar to golf), shuttlecock, and kite flying were popular.
Dancing was popular that a man’s prestige often depended on his prowess
as a dancer.
When ancient Chinese felt weak, Cong Fu, a mild exercises, similar to
gymnastics-oriented calisthenics and developed in 2698 B.C was designed
to prevent diseases and keep the body in good organic conditions.
INDIA
Several physical activities were participated in by ancient India
despite Buddha’s prohibition of games, amusements, and
exercises. Throwing balls, plowing contests, tumbling, chariot
races, riding elephants and horse, swordsmanship, wrestling,
and boxing were among their favorites. Became very popular in
India was Yoga, which was a unique activity involving
exercises in posture, regulated breathing, to discipline the mind
and the body. Physical exercises were sometimes used to
promote health. Hindu dancing was considered the oldest of
organized dancing.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT IN GREECE
• Plato believed that gymnastics and music, which were identified as “physical education”
and “academics” respectively educates the body and the mind/soul. His argument in his
Republic is that the mission of physical education in the schools blends with movements.
• Aristotle believed that athletics enables youth to develop strong, healthy citizens who
would defend Athens in time of war and serve her in time of peace.
• Herodotus (Herodikos) used physical education as an aid to medicine as early as the 5th
century.
• Hippocrates proclaimed the law of use and disuse of the parts of the body. He believed
that the parts of the body are strengthened through use. Muscle atrophy and weakness are
results of disuse.
• Xenophon thought of physical education as important in terms of military.
•
ROMAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES