Wood

What is wood?

▪ a natural building material

▪ a versatile raw material and the
only renewable construction
material.
▪ one of the most used natural
building materials in the world.
▪ has been used for thousands of
years for both fuel and as a
construction material.
VS
Hardwood

▪ comes from deciduous trees which lose their leaves annually.

▪ the trees from which hardwood is obtained, tend to be slower
growing, meaning the wood is usually denser.
▪ applications ranging from exquisite veneers and furniture, musical
instruments, flooring, construction and boatbuilding.
▪ much more resilient and are often reserved for projects that require
maximum durability.
▪ Oak, Teak, Sapele, Iroko, and Meranti.
Softwood

▪ comes from coniferous or evergreen trees.

▪ renowned for its versatility and strength.
▪ can be used across a broad range of internal and external projects.
▪ more readily available and easily manipulated.
▪ flexible, lighter in weight and less dense than most hardwoods.
▪ generates sheet goods such as plywood and fibreboard.
▪ Pine, Spruce, Redwood, Fir, and Cedar.
VS
Timber

▪ felled trees.
▪ much more crude.
▪ usually still has its bark.
▪ less processed than lumber.
▪ often used to construct the
frames of large structures such
as buildings and bridges
▪ wood over 5 inches wide by 5
inches thick
Lumber

▪ Sawn wood
▪ Processed wood products
▪ Used for furniture making,
home construction and the
like.
▪ wood that are smaller than 5
inches wide by 5 inches thick
Structure of Wood
▪ Heterogeneous
▪ Hygroscopic
▪ Cellular
▪ Anisotropic matter
▪ It consists of cells, and the cell walls are
composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40–
50%) and hemicellulose (15–25%)
impregnated with lignin (15–30%)
▪ The center is in compression and the outer layers
are in tension.
▪ Wood cell walls can be subjected to transverse
compression stresses. As a consequence, they can
experience three different stress modes:
bending, buckling, as well as compression.
▪ In coniferous or softwood species the wood cells
are mostly of one kind, and as a result the
material is much more uniform in structure than
that of most hardwoods.
▪ There are no vessels "pores" in coniferous wood
such as one sees so prominently in oak and ash,
for example.
Physical Properties of Wood
▪ Density
▪ Growth Rate
▪ Moisture Content
Mechanical Properties of Wood
▪ Stiffness and Elasticity
▪ Tensile Strength
▪ Compressive or Crushing Strength
▪ Shear Strength
▪ Transverse or Bending Strength
▪ Toughness
▪ Hardness
▪ Cleavability
▪ Resilience
Causes of Wood Deterioration

▪ Fungi
▪ Bacteria
▪ Insects
▪ Exposure to sunlight
▪ Exposure to moisture and heat cycles
▪ Changes in moisture content
Asphalt
Markie Irwin P. Mondoy
What is Asphalt?

▪ a bitumen-class hydrocarbon mixture, binder and filler, used for

constructing and maintaining all kind of roads, parking areas and also
for play and sport areas.
Asphalt Manufacturing Process

1. Aggregate
2. Cold Feed Bins
3. Drying Drum
4. Emission Control System
5. Storage Silo
Kinds of Asphalt

▪ Hot Mix Asphalt

– generally produced at a temperature between 150 and 180 °C.

▪ Warm Mix Asphalt

– produced and applied at a temperature around 20 - 40 °C lower than an
equivalent Hot Mix Asphalt.

▪ Cold Mix Asphalt

– produced without heating the aggregate.
Asphalt Layers
Surface Course

▪ constitutes the top layer of the pavement.

▪ able to withstand high traffic and environmentallyinduced stresses
without exhibiting unsatisfactory cracking and rutting.
▪ possess a texture ensuring adequate skid resistance.
Binder Course

▪ binder courses are designed to withstand the highest shear stresses

that occur about 50 – 70 mm below the asphalt surface.
▪ placed between the surface course and base course.
Base Course

▪ most important structural layer of the pavement.

▪ intended to effectively distribute traffic and environmental loading in
such a way that underlying unbound layers are not exposed to
excessive stresses and strains.
▪ implies comparatively high stiffness of the base course.
Unbound materials and foundation

▪ Since the formation and sub-soil often constitute relatively weak

materials, it is of utmost importance that the damaging loadings are
effectively eliminated by the layers above.
Asphalt Mixtures
Asphaltic Concrete (AC)

▪ a combination of two primary ingredients: (i) aggregate and (ii)

asphalt cement.
▪ Typically, the aggregate constitutes 90–95% (w/w) of the total
mixture and the asphalt cement (asphalt binder) constitutes 5–10%
(w/w) of the total mixture to form the asphalt concrete.
Asphalt Concrete for very thin layers (AC-TL)

▪ Asphalt for surface courses with a thickness of 20 mm to 30 mm, in

which the aggregate particles are generally gap-graded to form a
stone to stone contact and to provide an open surface texture
▪ This mixture is often used in France and is called BBTM (Béton
Bitumineuse Très Mince)
Soft Asphalt (SA)

▪ Mixture of aggregate and soft bitumen grades.

▪ This flexible mixture is used in the Nordic countries for secondary
roads.
Hot Rolled Asphalt (HRA)

▪ Dense, gap graded bituminous mixture in which the mortar of fine

aggregate, filler and high viscosity binder are major contributors to
the performance of the laid material
▪ This durable surface layer was often used as a surface layer in the UK.
Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)

▪ Gap-graded asphalt mixture with bitumen as a binder, composed of a

coarse crushed aggregate skeleton bound with a mastic mortar.
▪ This mixture is of often used as a surface layer in case high stability is
needed. The surface structure also has good noise reducing
properties
Mastic Asphalt (MA)

▪ Voidless asphalt mixtures with bitumen as a binder in which the

volume of filler and binder exceeds the volume of the remaining
voids in the mixed.
▪ This mixture is very durable and was often used as surface layer in
certain countries.
Porous Asphalt (PA)

▪ Bituminous material with bitumen as a binder prepared so as to have

a very high content of interconnected voids which allow passage of
water and air in order to provide the compacted mixture with drain
and noise reducing characteristics.
Double layered Porous Asphalt (2L-PA)

▪ The top layer with a grain size 4/8 mm is about 25 mm thick and the
second/bottom layer is porous asphalt with a course aggregate (11/16
mm). The total thickness is about 70 mm.
▪ Because of the finer texture at the top it gives less tire vibrations, it
aslo gives a better noise reduction than a single layer porous asphalt.
Asphalt for Ultra-Thin Layers (AUTL)

▪ Asphalt for Ultra-Thin Layers (AUTL) is a hot mix

asphalt road surface course laid on a bonding layer,
at a nominal thickness between 10 mm and 20 mm
with properties suitable for the intended use. The
method of bonding is an essential part of the
process and the final product is a combination of
the bonding system and the bituminous mixture.
▪ a mixture in which the aggregate particles are
generally gap-graded to form a stone to stone
contact and to provide an open surface texture.
▪ Several varieties of this layer are often used to
provide a good, new noise reducing surface layer.
QUALITY CONTROL
Components of Quality Control

▪ Consistency
▪ Purity
▪ Safety
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages of Asphalt

▪ Smooth & Comfortable

▪ Cost-efficient
▪ Safe
▪ Durable & can be constructed to last indefinitely
▪ Fast to construct and to maintain
▪ Up to 100% reusable
▪ Flexible
▪ Reducing noise reduction
Disadvantages of Asphalt

▪ Care and Sealing

▪ Cracks
▪ Environmental Issues
▪ Equipment
Applications
Asphalt Applications

▪ Transportation
▪ Recreation
▪ Agriculture
▪ Industrial
References:

https://duffieldtimber.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-timbe
r-lumber-and-wood#:~:text=This%20is%20often%20a%20source,hom
e%20construction%20and%20the%20like
.

https://www.intechopen.com/books/wood-in-civil-engineering#:~:text
=University%20of%20Cagliari%2C,roles%20at%20the%20same%20ti
me
.

https://www.swedishwood.com/wood-facts/about-wood/wood-and-
the-environment/wood-is-a-sustainable-construction-material/
▪ https://www.laver.co.uk/blog/hardwood-vs-softwood-whats-the-diff
erence/#:~:text=In%20general%2C%20hardwood%20comes%20fro
m,the%20wood%20is%20usually%20denser
.

▪ https://www.afandpa.org/our-products/wood-products
▪ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234840589_Wood_and
_wood_derived_materials#pf8
▪ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/asphalt-concrete
▪ https://eapa.org/asphalt-products/